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* JAGANNATH PUBI. 93 neous popular idea that devotees seek to be crushed to death beneath the car. JAGELLONS, j-a-gel'lonz. The name of au illustrious dynasty which reigned in Lithuania, Poland, Hungary, and Bohemia. This najne is derived from .Jagello or Jagellon. the last of a long line of hereditary grand dukes of Lithuania, who succeeded to his patrimonial possessions in 13SL Jagello in 1380 married Hedvig. daughter of Louis the Great, King of Poland and Hun- gary, who had succeeded her father on the Polish throne, and he was recognized as King by the Poles. He embraced Christianity, and is known as Ladislas (Wladislaw) II. of Poland. — His son, Ladisl.s III. (q.v. ). King of Poland (1434-44), was also elected King of Hungary on the death of Albert of Austria, in 1430, mainly through the agency of John Himyady. He was succeeded in Poland by his brother, Casimir IV. (1447-02). whose three sons. .John Albert (1402-1501). Alexander (1501-00), and Sigis- MUND I. (1500-48), reigned in succession. — SiGls- MrxD II. AuGi'STVS (1548-721, the son of this last, and one of the wisest of the Polish mon- archs. added Livonia to his kingdom. With him the male line of the Jagellons ended; but through his sisters descendants of the .Jagellons ruled from 1587 to 1008. — Ladislas, the son of Casimir IV. of Poland, was elected King of Bo- hemia in 1471. on the death of George Podiebrad, and also succeeded Matthias Corvinus in Hun- gary in 1400. Ladislas died in 1510, and was succeeded in both kingdoms by his son, Louis II.. who was defeated and slain by the Turks at ilohacs (August 20. 1520), and with whom ter- minated the male line of the .Jagellons of Bohe- mia and Hungary. His sister Axx.4. married Ferdinand I. See PoL.iVXD. JAGEMANN, ya'ge-man. Christian .Jo.seph (1735-1804). A German scholar, born at Din- gelstedt. In 1774 the Elector of Mainz made him director of the Catholic Gymnasium of Erfurt, and afterwards he was appointed private librari- an of the Duchess Anna Amalie at Weimar. His principal works were: GescJiiclife dcr freien Kiinste inirl ^yix!<€ltschaffcll in Iliilien, a revi- sion of Tii'aboschi's Storiii della letteratura itali- ana (1777-81). and Magazin drr itaUeiiixclieii Litterniur itnd Kiinste (1780-85), in which his translation of Dante's Inferno, in unrhymed iambic pentameter, appeared. JAGEB, ya'ger. GrST.A.v (1832—). A Ger- man mturalist and hygienist. born at Biirg. in Wiirttemberg. He studied medicine at the L"ni- versitv of Tiibingen, and afterwards was tutor of zoijlogv' in Vienna. From that time until 1884, when he began to practice medicine, he was a director of zoological gardens or a teacher in various German schools. He wrote a number of books on natural science : but his fame rests chiefly on the new system of clothing that he advocated. Tuider which wool alone may be worn. His publications include: Lehrhiich der allge- meinen Zoolopie (1871-78). and Die Xnrnial- lileidunfi (lis (lesundheHsschut: (1880). fourth edition under the title Mein St/stem (1885). JAGER, Johannes. The real name of the German humanist better kno-n as Crotus Eu- bianus (q.v.). JAGER, Oskar (18.30—). A German histo- rian and ediicr.tor. born at Stuttgart, and educat- ed at Tubingen. He taught in the gj'mnasia of JAGGERY. Stuttgart, Ulm, and Wetzlar, and was rector and director at Mors a-nd Cologne. In 1901 he was made professor of pedagogy at Bonn. His pedagogical works are: Aus der Ft axis, ein pa- dagogisches Testament (1885-97); Das humanis- tische Gymnasium (1890); and Didaktih und Meihodik des Geschichtsuntenichts (1895). His more important historical works are: John n'ycUffe (1854); Geschichte der Riimer (0th ed. 1901) ; Geschiehte der Griechen (0th ed. 1900); Die punisehen Eriege (1809-70); Welt- geschiclite (last ed. 1899) ; new editions of Schlosser, Weltaeschichte fiir das deutsehe Yolk (last ed. 1901 et seq.) ; and, with Moldenhauer, Auswahl iviehtiger AktensHicke zur Geschichte dts 19. Jdhrhunderts (1893). JAGERNDORF, ya'gern-dorf. A city in the Austrian C'rownland of Silesia, on the Oppa, 14 miles by rail northwest of Troppau (Map: Aus- tria, El). It has a castle built by the Prince Liechtenstein, and a beautiful church. The town is a centre of the woolen industry, and has manufactures of paper, organs, machines, and vinegar. Population, in 1890. 14.257; in 1900, 14.075, chiefly of German descent. Jagerndorf was plundered by the Tatars in 1241. In 1745 it was the scene of two battles between the Prussians and the Austrians. The town was the capital of the Principality of Jagerndorf, which first appears in 1437. when the Duchy of Ratibor-Troppau was divided among several heirs. It was bought in 1523 by the House of Hohenzollcrn, but in 1023 it was given to Prince Charles of Liechtenstein, because its Prince, John (Jeorge, had suppoBted Fred- erick of Bohemia. The House of Hohenzollem, however, did not resign its claims, and by the Peace of Breslau (1742) Frederick the Great obtained from Austria the cession of a small portion of the principality. JAGERSFONTEIN (ya'Gers-fon-tin') EX- CELSIOR. The name given to a blue-white dia- mond from the Jagersfontein mines in South Africa, found in 1893. It is the largest diamond of which there is any record, and weighs 971 karats. JAG'GAR, Thomas Augustus (1839—). An American bisliop of the Protestant Episcopal Church. He was born in New York City; gradu- ated at the General Theological Seminary, New York, and took holy orders in 1800. He was the founder of the Riverside Hospital, at Y'onkers, N. '. ; was rector of Anthon Memorial Church, New York (1804-08). of Saint John's. Yonkers (1808-70). and of Holy Trinity. Philadelphia (1870-75) ; and became Bishop of Southern Ohio in 1875. He wrote: The Man of the Ages; The Ministni of Phillips Brooks: and Bohlen Lectures for 1900— The Personalit;/ of Truth. JAGGERS. In Dickens's Great Expectations, Miss Havisliam's man of business and Pip's guar- dian. He is a hard, suspicious lawyer, interested only in facts, not in opinions, and of unprepos- sessing apjiearance. JAG'GERY (Anglo-Ind.. from Hind, shahlcar, from Prak. sakkara. from Skt. Sarkara. sugar). The name given in the East Indies to the sugar obtained by inspissation from the sap (nera or toddg) of palms, especially the jaggery palms, the cocoanut palm, and the PalmTa palm. It is, as generally sold and used in the East Indies, a coarse kind of sugar ; chemically it is the same as