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* JACOBSON. 88 JACOBY. positions till he became principal of the female seminary at Salem, N. C, in 18;J4. The academy grew and nourished under his conlrol; but he left it to superintend a boys' boardiuf; school in Naza- reth, Pa., and to take the leadership of the North- ern Moravian Church, which made him a bishop in Ks.")4. Ho ictircd three years before his death. JACOB'S STAFF. ( 1 ) A kind of staff car- ried by pilgrims to the tomb of the Apostle .Fames the Ehler. The term is also applied to a dagger or sword concealed in a staff of this kind. (2) The three stars in a straight line in the Girdle of Orion. JACOB'S STONE, or JACOB'S PILLOW. The Stone of .Scoiie, said to have served Jacob as a pillow when he had the vision of the ladder reaching into lieavcn. The stone is now preserved in the coronation chair (q.v.) of England. JACOB'S WELL. The scene of the conversa- tion of .lesus willi the woman of Samaria. The well is near Xablus, in Syria, and is said to have been hewn in the rock by Jacol). A churcli built over the well is mentioned in the fourtli century, but was destroyed during the period of the Cru- sades. JACOB TOME INSTITUTE. An institution of secondary education at Port Deposit, ild., founded by Jacob Tome and opened in 18!)4. It comprises a kindergarten and junior school for boys and girls, a senior or high school for girls, and a boarding-school, including a liigli school, for boys. It furnishes preparation for college, technical schools, professional schools, and busi- ness. Residents of Maryland are exempt from the annual tuition fee (if $100. The Institute occupies a campus of over HiO acres and twenty buildings overlooking the Susquehanna River. In 1902 the pu))ils of all schools numbered .574, and the combined faculties 48. The library contains 7200 volumes. The endowment exceeds $2,000,- 000, and the grounds and buildings of the Insti- tute have cost over $800,000. JACO'BTJS. An English gold coin of the reign of James I. ( Lat. Jardhus), valued at 26 shillings, or a little more tlian $(i. JACOBUS, Melancthon Williams (1816- 76). An American Presbyterian minister and author, born at Newark, N. J. In 1834 he gradu- ated from Princeton College, and four years later from the Princeton Seminary, where he was instructor in Hebrew for the year preceding hia acceptance of the pastorate of a Presbyterian church in Brooklyn, N. Y. (1839). While" absent in the Holy Land (IS.'jO). he was elected profes- sor of Oriental and bililical literature in the West- ern Theological Seminary, at Allegheny. Pa., and retained the position until his death, lie was pastor of the Central Presbyterian Cliurch. Pittsburg, Pa., from 1858 to 1870. was secretary of the Sustentation Committee of the Presby- terian Church from 1871 to 1874. and he re- ceived the degrees of D.D. from .Jefferson College. Pennsylvania (1852). and LL.T). from Princeton (1867). He published: Xotrs on the AVir Tesfa- wrnt (4 vols.. 1848-59) : an Adilrrsx to the Churches (1861): antesis (2 vols.. 1864-65); and Exodus (shortly before his death). JACOBUS, ;Melancthon Williams (1855 — ). An American clergy-man and educator, born in Allegheny City, Pa., a son of the preceding. He graduated at Princeton in 1877, at the Theo- logical Seminary there in 1881, from 1881 to 1884 studied at the universities of Gottingen and lierlin, and from 1884 to 1891 was pastor of the Presbyterian Cliurch at Oxford. Pa. la 1891 he was apjioiuted to the chair of New Testa- ment exegesis and criticism in the Hartford Theological .Seminary. He became a trustee of Princeton in 1890. and was Stone lecturer at the Princeton Theological Seminary in 1807-98. He has contributed articles on New Testament sub- jects to Tlir Xcir International Enryclopwdia. JACOBUS BAB'AD^'US. See Jacobites. JACO'BUS DE VORACKINE. An Italian wiitiT, auUior of the celebrated Golden Legend (q.v.). JACCBY, llAiioLD (1865—). An American astrunou.er, born in New York City. He gradu- ated at Columbia University in 1885, was as- sistant astronomer on the United States eclipse expedition to West Africa in the United States steamship Pcnsacohi. and was appointed professor of astronomy at Columbia, in 1894. He became also a councilor of the New York Academy of Sci- ences, treasurer of the American Mathematical Society, editor of the Transactions of that so- ciety, and fellow of the Royal Astronomical So- ciety of London. His technical papers on astro- nomical photography, star clusters, parallaxes, and other subjects appeared in the publications of the New York Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Saint Petersburg, the Academic dcs Sciences of Paris, the Academy of Helsingfors, and the Royal Astronomical Society of London. He has also published Practical Talks hi) an Astronomer (1902), a collection of interesting essaj's, written in untechnical style, on '"Navigation at Sea," "Galileo," "Photography in Astronomy," "The Jloon Hoax," and other special topics. The de- partment of astronomy in 'J'hc Xcir International Enci/clopwdia was edited by him. JACOBY, ya-ko1)f, Joiianx (1805-77). A Cierman politician, born in Kiinigsberg, Prussia. He studied at Kdnigsberg and Heidelberg, became a practicing physician at Kdnigsberg in 1830, and wrote numerous brochures on questions of the time. His Vier Frayen (1841), in justifica- tion of the demand for a Prussian constitution, brought uixin him accusation of high treason, and a sentence to two and a half years' imprison- ment, but in 1843 he was released. In 1848 he was a member of the Vorparlament of Frank- fort, and was elected to the National As- sembly of Prussia, where by his incisive speeches he identified himself with the Left. He was elected to the Gerrnan National As- sembly in 1840, took part in the 'Rump Par- Hament.' and again was accused of high treason. Later acquitted, he resumed medical practice. In 1803 he became a member of the Prussian Lower House, and both there and in the Zukunft journal, established by him, was an increasingly violent opponent of the Government. He even styleil German unity the death of freedom. In 1864, and again in 1870. he was sentenced to imprisonment. He retired from political life in 1S71. His publications include a biography of Heinrich Simon (1865). and his (Icsammelte Kchriflen and lieden (1872: an additional vohinie. 1877). Der Geist der f/riechischen Geschirlite was published under the editorial supervision of F. ROhl in 1884.