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* JACOBS. 87 JACOBSON. cal scholar, born at Gotha. After studying at the universities of Jena and Gottingen, he was made an instructor in the gymnasium at Gotha (1785), with a position after 1802 in the public library of the same city. In 1807 he was ap- pointed a teacher of classical literature at the Munich Lyceimi. and a member of the Academy of Sciences of that city, but returned to Gotha in 1810 as chief librarian and director of the collection of numismatics and antiques. From 1831 to 1842 he was director of the art collec- tions of Gotha. In addition to many editions of ancient writers, including the Aiitehoinerica of Tzetzes (179.3), .Elian (1832), Achilles Tatius (2 vols., I82I), and the Imagines of Philostra- tus, witn Welcker (182.5), his numerous works include an edition of the Anihologia Grwca (13 vols., 1794-1814). his most important classical work, remarkable for its profound learning and elegance of style; metrical translations of seven hundred poems of the Anthology, published under the title of Tempe (2 vols., "l803) : trans- lations from Demosthenes, ^taatsreden und Rede fiir die Krone (1805); an elementary book on Greek, Elementarbuch der griechischen Sprache (1805, frequently republished): and numerous miscellaneous essays on classical philology, col- lected under the title Vermischte Schriften (vols. i.-iii. 1823-24, vols, iv.-viii. 1829-44). In the later works, his Geschichte dcs iceiblichen 6'e- schlechts (vol. iv. ) is best known. Consult his sketch of himself in his Personalien (Leipzig, 1840) ; also Wustemann's Hellas (Berlin, 1852). JA'COBS, Hexrt Etster (1844—). An American Lutheran clergjTnan and educator, born at Gettysburg. Pa. He studied theology* there, after graduating at the Pennsylvania Col- lege (1862), and lie was afterwards successively professor of Latin and history, of ancient lan- guages, and of Greek in the Pennsylvania Col- lege from 1870 until 1883, when he took the chair of systematic theology in the Philadelphia Seminary. In 1804 he was made dean of the faculty in the Lutheran Theological School. He was editor of the Lutheran Church Revieic (after 1882). joint editor of the Lutheran (1883), translator of several German theological works, and author of The Lutheran Movement in England (1890) and The Lutherans (1893). JACOBS, yaTcdps. J.cobus (1812-79). A Belgian marine and landscape painter, bom at Antwerp, where he studied at the Academy under Van Bree and Wappers. and in 1843 was appoint- ed professor. Travels in the East and in .Scan- dinavia contributed much to the development of his versatility, and a trip through Germany in 1847 in the company of Wappers was devoted to a diligent study of the masterpieces in the prin- cipal galleries. The National Ciallery in Berlin contains his "Cirecian Archipelago" (1848) : the Xew Pinakothek in Munich "'Foundering of the Emigrant Ship Floridian on the Coast of Essex." "Sunrise in the Archipelago" (1852). and '"View of the Harbor of Constantinople:" and the ilu- scum at Brussels "Waterfall of the Glommen. in Xnrway" (1855). JA'COBS, .Joseph (18.54—). An English au- thor, bom at .Sydney. Australia, .ugust 29. 1854. He was educated at Saint .John's College. Cam- bridge: traveled in Spain (ISSS) and in the United States (1896): and is most favorably known for his work in history and folk-lore. In 1000 he came to America to take the position of editor on the Jewish Encyclopcedia, in Xew York. Among his publications are: English Fairy Tales (1890, 1893): Celtic Fairy Tales (1891,1894) ; Indian Fairy Tales (1892) ; ^Esop's Fables (1894) ; Reynard the Fox (1895) ; Liter- ary Studies (1895) ; editions of Painter's Palace of Pleasure ( 1891 ), of Howell's Familiar Letters ( 1892 ), and finally a translation of the De- cameron (1899). JACOBS, Michael (1808-71). An American Lutheran clergyman and educator, bom near Waynesboro, Franklin Co., Pa., and educated at Jefferson College, Canonsburg. He taught in Pennsylvania College, which grew out of the Gettysburg Gymnasium. He entered the Lu- theran ministry in 18.32, and was prominent in the West Pennsylvanian SjTiod. A man of varied attainments. .Jacobs invented (1845) a new meth- od of canning fruit ; made original studies in meteorologTi' : contributed to the publications of the Smithsonian Institution; and wrote The Rebel Invasion of il art/land and Pennsylvania (1863). JACOBS, ViCTOE ( 1838-91 ). A Belgian states- man and leader of the Clericals, born at Antwerp and educated in France, at the Jesuit College at Vaugirard. and the University of Brussels. He was elected Deputy in 1863, having taken ad- vantage of the popular disaffection to compulsory service in the army to strengthen the Catholic party: became Minister of Public Works and of Finance in 1870, and in 1884 received the portfolio of Interior and Public Instruction. While he held this post Jacobs passed the denom- inational education bill which put the religious Orders again in power, and which forced its au- thor from the Government. But he was still manager and head of the Clerical Party, and presided at the Catholic Congress at Malines only a short time before his death. He wrote several legal studies, including Le droit maritime beige (1889-91). JACOBSEN, ya'k6p-sen, Jens Peter (1847- 85). A Danish novelist, born at Thisted. He first became known as a botanist and a trans- lator of Darwin. In 1872 he published his no%el ilogens ( 1872 : republished in a collection, 1882). followed by Et Skudd i taagen (1875), and then Fru Jtarie Grubbe (1876), a fine study of seventeenth-century life. Niels Lyhne (1880) is modern, sceptical, and realistic. The mixture of philosophy, science, and powerful imagination in his novels has made .Jacobsen a favorite and influential writer. JACOB'S LADDER. ( 1 ) A ladder, reaching from eartli to heaven, seen in a vision by .Jacob (Gen. xxviii. 12). (2) On shipboard, a short rope ladder with iron or wooden rungs, to give easy access to the lower rigging, tops, etc. It is also the name of an apparatus for raising light weights a considerable height. One form, much used in breweries and distilleries, is an endless revolving chain of buckets, filling them- selves at the bottom of the chain and emptying tlipm«eIvo^ at the top. JA'COBSON", .John Chi»sti. - (1795-1870). Danish-. ierican educator. Bishop of the ^Moravian Church, bom in Burkall. Denmark. .fter "ompletins his education at the (JJerraan Moravian College, he came to the United States. at the age of twenty-one, and occupied various