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* JACOBI. 84 JACOBI. burg, 1854) ; Zirngiebl, F. U. Jacobis Leben, Dichtunyen und Denken (Vienna, 1807) ; Harms, Ueber die Leiirc von F. H. Jacobi (Berlin, 1876) ; Holtzniann, Ueber Eduurd .llluills Brief- sammliDig (Jena, 1878) ; Li'vy-Hnihl, •'.Jacobi et le Spinosisnip." in Ihviie I'hilosoiihiiiite (Paris, 1S!U) : ill., /,« philosophic de Jacobi (ib., 1894). JACOBI, llEK.MAX. Georo (1850—). A Ger- man Sanskrit scliolar, born at Cologne. He was educated tbere. and' at Bonn and Berlin, where he devoted himself to Sanskrit under Gilde meister and Weber. In 188!) he was made professor at Bonn, after teaching and lecturing at Miin- ster (1870-85) and Kiel ( 18S.")-8!>) . Possibly his most important work is in Indian chronology: "The Conii)utation of Hindu Dates in Inscrip- tions," publislicd in Epigraphiea Indica (1892). His dating of the Rig- Veda, Ueber dn-t Alter dcs liigveda (1893), on astronomical grounds, puts the time much earlier than the usual estimate. His other works, on comparative philoUigy, Prak- rit grammar, Sanskrit literature, and Jainisni. include: luilixixutni of lihiidrnhtihu (1879); Aearanga Siitrii of the CvetOmbdra Jtiiiix (1882) ; SthaviravplJ Charita (1891): and translations of the AcAiranga, Kalpa, Uttaradhyayana, and SutrakritOiiga Sfiira in the Sacred Books of the East, vols. xxii. and xlv. (1884-95) : Auxgewiihlte Erzahlungen in Mdhtlrushlrl (1880) ; Das Rama- yana (1893); and, in syntax, Kompositum nud Nebcnsatx. fltudicn iibcr die hulogermanisehe Sprachentimcklung ( 1897 ). JACOBI, .Toi!.NX Georg (1740-1814). . Ger- man poet, brother of Friedrich Ileinrich, born at r)iisseldorf, and educated at Gilttingen. He was appointed professor of philosophy and oratory at Halle (1700). and soon after made the acquaint- ance of Glcim, with whom he edited Iris ( 1774- 76), to which Goethe. Heinse, Lenz, and Sophie La Roche were contributors. He was made pro- fessor at Frei1)urg in 1784. .Tacobi's poetic style W'as sentimental and eireniinate, save in a few of his last works. His collected works, with a biography by Von Ittner. one of his friends, were published at Zurich (1882) ; his correspondence with Gleini appeared in 1780; and Martin edited Vngedruckir Briife von und an Joharm Oeorg Jacobi (Strassburg, 1874). JACOBI, Karl Gustav .Iakob (1804-51). A German mathematician, the brother of Moritz Hermann .Jacobi. the physicist. He was born in Potsdam, studied in Berlin, and began his teaching there as privat-docent in 1824. but soon after went as professor of mathematics to Kiinigs- berg. He became a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences in 18.'?6, and in 1842 took up his permanent residence in Berlin, lec- turing at the university. Jacobi's great work was in the theory of elliptic functions, of which he and Abel (q.v.) were the founders. He also contributed to the theory of numbers, to analyt- ical mechanics, and to the study of determinants. A very important determinant bears the name Jacobian. (See Detkrmi.naxts.) He also founded the theory of Abelian functions. The following important works appeared in his life- time: Ftindamenta yova Theori(r Fiinctionvm EUipticarum (1829): Canon Arithmetieus (1839) : De Formatione et Pr/fjirietntibus Deter- ininantium (1841; ed. by Stiickel, 1890) ; Mathe- matische Werke (3 vols,, partly posthumous, 1846-71). His Torlesvngen iiber Dynamik was publisiied posthumously (1866; 2d ed, 1884). His (lesamniclte Werke (1881-91; 7 vols, and suppl,) were published by the Berlin Academy. His essay, "L'ber die vierfach periodischen Fum- tionen zweier Variabeln," el*;., was translated from the Latin and edited by Weber ( 1895). For sketch of his life, consult: Lejeune-Dirichlct, "Gediichtnisrede auf .Jacobi." in the Ahhaml Itingen der Berliner Akadentie (1852; printed in Jacobi's Gesammelte Werke, vol. i.). JACOBI, Mabv PiTNAM (1842—). An Ameri- can physician, born in London, England, the daughter of (ieorge P. Putnam, of New York City. The first woman gradiatecl from the New York College of I'harnuicy. in 1S02, she was also the first woman graduated from the Women's Medical College in Philadelphia, in 1864. After teaching in New Orleans, and writing for a year, she went to Paris and engage<l in the further study of me<licine. After eighteen months passed in the hospitals of Paris, she was admitted by the Minister of Public Instruction to the Kcole de Medecinc, and was graihialcd therefrom in 1S71. receiving the second jjrize for her thesis. She returned to New York aii<l t)egan practice at once, also entering upon the duties of lecturer on therapeutics in the new Women's Medical College of the New York Infirmary-. She was the first woman admitted to the New York medical societies and to the American Medical Associa- tion. In 1873 she was married to the physician Abraham .Jacobi (q.v.). In 1881. upon the found- ing of the New Y'ork Post-(raduate Medical School, she became clinical professor of disease- of children. In 1874 she organized an association for the advancement of the medical education of women, of which she became president. Besides being a visiting physician to tiie New York In- firmary, Dr. Putnam-.Jacobi has been for several years a visiting physician to Saint Mark's Hos- pital. She is a member of several medical societies, and a writer on many medical topics. She secured the Boylston prize of Har'ard University in 1870 for an' original essay. In 1891 she contributed a paper on the history of women physicians in this country to the volume '"Women's Work in America," in which, amid the bibliography of ■writings Ijy American female pliysicians, she men- tions over forty productions of her o«ti pen. Her published works include: The Question of Rest for Women During Menstruation (1877) ; Acute Fatty Degeneration of Nen-Born (1878); The Vahte of Life (1879); CoW Pack and Ancetnia (1880); The Prophylaxis of Insanity (1881): Hysteria and Other Essays (1888): Common Sense Applied to Woman's Suffrage (1894). See .Jacobi, Abraham. JACOBI, Moritz Hekma.n.v (1801-74). A German physicist and architect, l)rother of Karl Gustav .jacobi. He was bom at Potsdam. In 1835 he became professor at the University of Dorpat. and in 1842 a member of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences. He invented galvano-plastics and electrotyping, and carried out numerous important researches in physi<s. He wrote iletnoire sur Vapplication de Vileetro- magnetisme au mourement dcs mnchines, a re- markable essay published in 1835; and Die Oalvanoplastik (1840). Consult Wild, Zum CfCddchtnis an Moritz Hermann Jacobi (Leipzig, 1876).