Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/911

* ISABEY. 805 ISAIAH. seum of Xew York possesses his "Banquet Hall" (1873 J. ISABEY, Jeax Baptiste (ITG7-1855). One of the greatest French miniature painters. He was born in Xancy, April 11, 1707, and studied cliielly in Paris under David and the miniature painter Dumout. After a hard struggle with poverty he received a commission to paint a medallion of ilarie Antoinette. During the Revolution he painted the portraits of a number of the most prominent members of the Constitu- ent Assembly, besides other works, the most important of which were "La Barque d'lsabey," representing himself, his wife, and three children in a boat, and his masterpiece, "General Bona- parte in tlie Gardens of ilalmaison." He was in high favor with Xapoleon, for whom he painted hundreds of miniatures for distribution as gifts, and lie managed to reUiin the favor of all succes- sive French rulers. All the reigning sovereigns of Europe were among his sitters. His portraits were time to nature and of great charm. He died in Paris, April 18, 1855. Among his best- known works other than miniatures are the "Congress of Vienna:" the "Table des Mar6- chaux," a design in porcelain of Xapoleon and his marshals: "X'apoleon Holding a Review in the Tuileries." Consult Taigny, Isahey: sa vie et ses irurres (Paris. 1859). IS ABNORMAL (is'abnor'mal) LINES (from Gk. fir"S, isos, equal + Eng. abnormal, from Lat. abnormis, abnormal, from ab, from + norma, rule). Lines connecting places whose temperature, pressure, etc., for any epoch have equal departures from the normal values of the respective places. ISJE'ITS (Lat.. from Gk. 'Iiraros, Isaios). A Greek orator of the fourth century B.C.. who is included in the Alexandrian canon of the ten Attic orators. Of his life little is known. He was the son of Diagoras, and was probably born at Chalcis, although most of his life was spent at Athens, where he was a contemporary of Isoerates, whose pupil he is said to have been. As he was not an Athenian citizen, he could not plead before the courts, but, like Lysias. he took up the profes- sion of logographer, or writer of speeches for others. His specialty was the laws of inheri- tance. The ancients had sixty-four speeches which were attributed to him. of which fifty were held to be genuine. Of these only ten have come down to us complete, although the single MS. which contains tlicni has preserved about half of another speech, and Dionysius has a long frag- luent, which is usually printed as a twelfth ora- tion. Isopus's strengtli is said by his biographer to have depended on his skillful handling of evi- dence, in direct contrast with the 'simple style' of Lysias. The speeches are best edited by Biirmann (Berlin, 188.3). There is an English translation by .Jones. The Speeclxs of Iswux (London, 1779). Consult Blass, Die atlische Beredsatnkeit, part ii. (Leipzig. 1892). ISAG'ORAS (Lat.. from Ok. 'I(ray6pas) (c. 545 - c. nOO B.C.) . . -Xthenian politician. He was chosen first archon (B.C. 508) after the expulsion of Hippias (510), although Clis- thencs had been much more influential at tlie time. In the quarrel which followed Isagoras was opposed by Clisthenes and the entire jieople, and the now constitution was victorious. But Isagoras appealed to Sparta, and Cleomenes, King of Sparta, insisted that Clisthenes l>e surren- dered, since he was descended from the accursed Alcmaeonidie. The leader of the people volim- tarily retired; the .Spartans occupied the city; I.-aguras banished seven hundred families and attempted to replace the democratic Five Hun- dred by an aristocratic Three Hundred. At this the jieople rose, hemmed the Spartans within the Acropolis, and, after three days, permitted them and Isagoras with them to retire to .Sparta, but executed all Athenian partisans of Isagoras, who himself died in exile. ISAIAH, i-za'yil or i-zii'ya (Heb. Yesha'aya- hu, help of Yahweh, or Yahweh helps). One of the most famous of the older Hebrew prophets. He was the son of Amoz and lived at .Jerusalem during the reigns of .Ahaz and Hezekiah, extend- ing from c. 7-36 to 69;? B.C. We may assume that he was born about B.C. 7G0, and that he died about B.C. 700. He appears to have occupied a high social position, had easy access to Ahaz, and e.erted much influence on Hezekiah. Beyond this we know little of his private life. It appears from his discourses that he was married and had at least two children, to whom (like Hosea. q.v. ) he assigned symbolic names (chaps, vii. 3, viii. 3). It is the opinion of modern scholars that but a small proportion of the discourses in the Book of Isaiah (q.v.) emanate from Isaiah himself; and furthermore that not one of these discourses has been preserved in its original form. The so-called Book of Isaiah is a twofold collection of prophecies, and in the first collection alone do we find discourses of Isaiah (e.g. chaps, ii.-x., xvii., sviii., xxii., xxviii.-xxxi.. xxxiii.). iVll of these contain additions belonging to various later periods, and above all have been so radically rearranged that it is exceedingly difiicult to fix the chronological order of the portions belonging to Isaiah and to determine the political events to which they have reference. Still some of the discourses are quite clear. The most important event in the reign of Ahaz was the combination of Pekah, King of Israel, and Rezin of Damascus against .Tudah (II. Kings xvi.). To this event and its consequences sev- eral discourse? of Isaiah refer, found in chaps, vii., viii., and xvii.. excluding interpolations. The prophet advises Ahaz to be calm and to place his trust in Yahweh. As a matter of fact, the com- bination against .Judah failed, but not until Ahaz had called for aid upon Tiglathpileser. the King of Assyria. This act arouses the prophet's ire. He changes his tone toward Ahaz. denounces his lack of confidence in Yahweh. and predicts havoc and misfortune to the country- from these very Assyrians whom Ahaz has called in as allies. And the result was that the northern kingdom of Israel was wiped out. while .Tudah escaped only by becoming a vassal to the King of Assyria. In the days of Hezekiah. the country chafed under the yoke, and a party arose in .Jerusalem which formed an alliance with Egypt as a means of free- ing the country from Assyrian suzerainty. Isaiah was equally opposed to this policy. Portions of his discourses during this period are preserved in chaps, x-xviii.-xxxi. He declares that the Egyp- tians and their allies will be defeated, and goes so far as to intimate that Yahweh Himself will fight on the side of Assyria against His own people if they ally themselves with Egypt. Isaiah could not quell the warlike spirit which was rife in