Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/860

* IKEN^US. 764 English translation of the Adccrsus Bwrcscs may be found in the Aiite-Mccne Fathers, cd. bj* C'oxe, vol. i. (Buiralo, 1885). In general, consult CruttwcU, Littritry Uistoiy of Karly Chrislianily (London. 18!l3). IK£NE, i it-'n* (Lat., from Gk. "EipijiT), Ei- rine) (C'.7.i2<-.H(I4 I . Byzuntine Empress from 780 to 802. She was a native of .tlien$. and in 7C9 married Leo. who U'cnnie Emperor as Leo IV. in 775. Her husband died in 780, and Irene became Regent during tlie minority of her son, Constantine 'l. A great worshiper of images — in fact, this had during the lifetime of her liusband caused her to be banished from the Imperial palace — she quickly began to plot for their restoration, and with this purpose as- sembled .1 council of bishops at Constantinople, A.D. 786. which, however, was broken up by the troops of the capital. A second council held at Nictea in the following year was more successful, and image-worship was reestablished in the Eastern Church. (See Ima(ie-Vor.siiip and IcoNOCLsii.) In 700 the Governnicnt was taken out of her hands by her son. but in 702 she was again in power, and in 707 slie caused Constan- tine to be blinded and shut ip in a dungeon, where he soon died. In 802 her treasurer Nicephorus robelled. and banished her to the Isle of Lesbos, where she remained until her death, about 804. After the restoration of the West- ern Empire by Charles the Great (800) that monarch contemplated the revival of the ancient Roman Empire by his marriage to Irene, but these plans were frustrated by her fall. Irene had been successful in her wars against the Slavs, but she was defeated by Ilartm al-Rasliid. and compelled to pay an annual tribute. Consult: Gasquet, "Charlemagne et Timp^'Tatrice Ir^ne,'' in the Ainialci dc la facultc dcs Icttrcs dc Bor- deaux (1884). IRENE, Saint (c.I084-1124>. A Byzantine Empress, daughter of Ladislas I., King of Hun- gary. In 1104 she married Emperor .Johannes II., but lived for some time in a cloister be- fore H24_. when she died. She was canonized by the (Jreek Church for her piety and charity.. The name Saint Irene is often incorrectly applied to Irene, the wife of Leo IV., and enemy of the iconoclasts. IRETON, Ir'ton. Henry (lGlI-51). An English general of the Commonwealth. He was the eldest son of German Ireton. of .ttenborough, Nottinghamshire. He graduated B.A. at Trinity College. Oxford, in lti20. and studied law at the Middle Temple. London, hut at the out- break of the Civil War offered his services to the Parliament. At Xaseby he was wounded and taken prisoner, but regained his liberty when Cromwell's Ironsides decided the fortunes of the day. In 1G45 he became a member of Parlia- ment, and took an active part in its disputes with the army. .t first he favored a settlement be- tween the King and Parliament, but upon being convinced of the impracticability of such an ar- rangement he became the King's implacable enemy, and was one of those who signed his death warrant. His connection with Cromwell, whose daughter Bridget he married in 1046. greatly advanced his interests. When Cromwell went to Ireland to subdue that country he was accom- panied by his son-inlaw. on whose vigor, judg- ment, and tact he placed much reliance. Crom- IRIARTE. Aeirs presence. howe%'er, was soon required in Scotland, and the complete subjugation uf Ireland was intrusted to Ireton. His career was brief, se- vere, but successful. He com|>ellcd the surrender of Carlow. Watcrford. Duncannon, and Limerick, and inaugurated a policy of civil government which was marked by fairness and religious sincerity. He died of an epidemic fever at Lim- erick. His remains were conveyed to England and interred in Westminster .-Vbbey; but after the Restoration they were disinterred, hanged, and burned at Tvbum. IRI, .•V river of Greece. See Eurotas. IRIARTE, Ore uf'tA, loNAZio (1G20-85). A Spanish laudsca|ie painter, born at Azcoitia (Guipuzcoai. He studied under Herrera in Seville, and was one of the original members and the first secretary of the .cademy of Seville (KifiO). He painted the backgrounds in some (if Murillo's pictures, and Murillo, in turn, fur- nished the figures for his friend's landscapes. Ihere are four well-composed, conventional land- scapes by him in the Prado Museum at Madrid which show his talent as a coliirist. IRIARTE, or YRIARTE, Y OROFESA, e'r^- iir'td ^ 6'r6-pa'sa, ToM.vs de ( 17.">0-01 ) . A Span- ish poet, born on the island of Teneriffe, Sep- tember 18, 1750: educated at Madrid tmder the care of his uncle. .Juan de Iriarte. the head of the Royal Library. He began very early to translate French plays and to compose plays of his own. For his maintenance, however, he depended throughout his life upon the income derived from certain minor posts to which he was appointed in the Ministry of Foreign .-Xdairs and of War, and from other administrative ap- pointments. The tranquillity of his career was somewhat disturbed by numerous literary quar- rels with other writers of the time, notably with Juan Pablo Forner. and in 178fi he was sum- moned before the Inquisition to answer a charge of adherence to the doctrines which the French jihilosophers were then disseminating, a charge from which he seems, however, to have had little ditliculty in clearing himself. He died at Madrid, September 17. IWl. Much of his published verse consists of translations, most of which are not so good as his original poems. Among these are the Epistles, one of which forms the dedi- cation of his translation of Hor.ice's Ars Poet- ica to his friend Cadalso. and a didactic work. La musiea. a discussion of the elements of music, which attracted attention abroad and won him prai.se from Metastasio. But his per- manent fame is based upon his versified fables, the Fiibulas litcrarias. still among the most popular in Spain. In their content these show considerable skill on Iriarte's part in adapting the peculiarities and habits of animals to doc- trinal purpo.ses: in their form they also display his ingenuity, being wTittcn in a great variety of metres with a due regard for harmony and symmetry. Consult his Obras (Madrid, 1805) ; and the edition of his poems in the Bihiioteca de autores espaiirjlrs, vol. Ixiii. (Madrid, 1891); Cotarelo y Mori. Iriarte i/ su cpora (Madrid, 1807). The fables Avere translated into many European languages. Belfour's Litcrari/ Fables Imitated from the f!panish of Yriarte appeared in London in 1800. and Rockliffe's rendering of Iriarte reached a third edition in 1866.