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* IRELAND. 762 IRELAND. ilitions oouIJ not continue. At first the Conser- vative Party negotiated with the Irish National- ists. On Aiifiust 14. 1885, the e.xceptional laws were allowed to lapse by the t'onservative Minis- try. In April. 1880. CJladstone. the great Liberal leader, proclaimed the right of Ireland to Home Rule by introducing his bill in Parliament. The Irish question had pas.sed into a wholly new l)hase, which has been treated under the various si'parate articles referred to above. BlIiLlOGRAPllY. Lewis, Topofiraphical Diction- art/ of Ireland (London, 1840) ; O'Xeil, The Fine Arts and Civilization of Ancient Ireland (Lon- don, I8t)3) ; Murphy, Ireland, Industrial. Politi- cal, and Social (London, 1870); Hull. I'lit/sieal Geology and Geography of Ireland (London, 1878) : Kane, The Industrial Hesources of Ire- land (Dublin, 1884) : Dennis. Industrial Ireland (London. 1887): Baden-Powell, The ,Saring of Ireland I Edinburgh, 18981: (Jannon, .1 Ilevitw of Irish History in Relation In the Social Devel- opment of Ireland (London, 1000) : Morris, Pres- ent Irish Questions (London, 1901): '"Ireland, Industrial and Agricultural," Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland (Dublin, 1902), HiSTOKY. For the early history of Ireland the most valuable sources have been published by the Irish Record Commission (London, 1802-09). The best books on the early period are; .Joyce, .1 .Short History of Ireland to KSOS {olh "ed., London, 1896) : Zimmern, The Irish Element in Mediwval Culture, trans, by Edniands ( Xew York, 1891). Other material is in the Calendar of State Papers for Ireland, which at present extends to the end of the reign of Charles I. Consult also Patent and Close Rolls of the Irish Chancery, Henry III. to Charles I., ed. by Morrin "(Dublin, 18i)l-G3). Only a few of the Rolls of the Irish Parliament have been published in various editions at Dub- lin. The Irish Statutes at Large appeared at Dublin, 1786-1804. Among the older Histories of Ireland, that of Leland (3 vols.. London, 1773) is the best. Consult also: Plowden. Historical Review of the State of Ireland (Philadelphia, 1805) : Riehey, Lectures on the History of Ire- land (London", 1869-70) : Ball. Historical Revieic of the Legislative Systems of Ireland. Henry II. till ISOl' (London. 1889). Among the many shorter histories, perhaps the best is Morris. Ire- land, in the "Cambridge Historical Series" ( Lon- don, 189G). Other short accounts are: Bryce (ed.). Two Centuries of Irish History. JUni-l's'O (London, 1888) : Hasseneamp, History of Ireland from the Reformation till the Union, trans. (Lon- don, 1888). The best account of Ireland from Elizabeth to the Union is in Lecky. History of England in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1878). Froude, The English in Ireland in the Eighteenth Century (Xew York. 1875). is based on much documentary research, but is violently partisan. For the seventeenth century, the chap- ters on Ireland in Gardirtcr. History of the Great Civil TVar (London, 1886-94). and id.. History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate (London, 1804-1901). are very valuable, as is also Carte's edition of the Ormond Papers (London. 1739). For the most recent historj-, consult McCarthy, Ireland Since the Union (London, 1887). Other authorities are: Keating, General History of Ireland (London, 1823) : Lecky, The Leaders of Public Opinion in Ireland, Sicift, Hood, Orattan, and O'Connell (London. 1871) : Wills, The Irish Xation, Its History and Its Uiography (London, 1875) ; Walpole. Short History of Ireland (Lon- don, 1882) ; (Gilbert, History uf the Irish Confed- eration ( Dublin, 1882-91 ) : "Kichey, Short History of the Irish People (Dublin, 1887); La Fayc. L'Irlande au I'.i' siccle (Paris, ISOii) : DuMy. Young Ireland (London. 1896); Mitchel, 77i>- History of Ireland (Glasgow, 1898) ; Morris. In- land, hus-lSitS (London, 1898); Ingram, Criti- cal Examination of Irish History (London, 1900) ; Uaverty, .1 S/ttcial Catalogue of Rare Books Relating' to Ireland (New York, 1902). IRELAND, CiiiKcii of. The name applied to the iiidcpi lulcnt branch in Ireland of the Angli- can communion. It was established by law ac- cording to the Act of L'nion, which went into eirect on .lanuary I, 1801. The Established Church of Ireland, considering itself the rightful successor of the mcdia-val Roman Catholic Church, took possession of the dioceses, parishes, and Churcli property, and lor a long time retained the divisions then existing. The Roman Catholics, constituting a large majority (more than three- fourths) of the population, always regarded as unjust the existence, in their country, of an Established Protestant Church in con- nection with that of England. Notwithstand- ing its small membersliip. the Church had. in 1833, 4 iirchliislioprics, 18 bishoprics, tlic income from which was cstimateil at from £130.000 to £185,000. In that year the first inroad was made upon the |)rerogatives of the Established Church in the reduction of th« archbishoprics to two and the bishoprics to ten. In 18(i8, on motion of Gladstone, the English House of Commons voted to disestablish the Cliurch of Ireland. The House of Lords rejected the proposition. But so strong was the cx|)rcssion of public opinion against the- continuance of the privileges of the Irish Church that tlic royal commissioners on the revenues and conditions of the Church of Ireland recommended in their report, July 27, 1868, important reduc- tions as to its benefices. They suggested, among other changes, the abolition of four bishoprics and one archbishopric, and that all l)enelices with less than forty Protestants should be suppressed. Gladstone introduced, in March. 1809. a new bill for the disestablishment and disendowment of the Irish Church, which, after a long and earnc-i debate, passed both Houses of Parliament. The disestablishment was to be total; ecclesiastical courts and laws were to cease; the bisho])s were to be no longer peers in Parliament; the ecclesi- astical commission was to terminate, and a new connnission of Church temporalities, composed of ten men, was to be appointed, in which the whole property of the Irish Church should be vested. Public endowments, including State erants or revenues (valued at £15,500.000). were to l)e retained by the State, and private endowments, such as money given from private sources since 1660 (estimated at £500.- 000), were to remain with the disestablished Church. The vested interests connected with Maynooth College, with the Presbyterians who were receiving the regiutn donum, ami the in- cumbents, were to be secured. The aggregate of the payments would amount to about £8.000,000, leaving £7,500.000 at the disposal of Parliament. A general convention held in Dublin. 1870. adopt- ed a constitution for the disestablished Church, according to which it was to be governed by a