Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/82

* HIGHBINBEBS. 6« HIGHLAND CATTLE. (q.v.), nor are they regularly organized, but act in an irresponsible, lawless way for and among themselves. They are men without delinite m-eii- patiun, living as best they ean upon the Chinese communities, as keepers of evil resorts, gauibler», parasites tijion prostitutes, thieves, and eriminaU generally. The name was originally applied to any rough, and was in use in New York and Ual- timore as early as IHV.t. but has gradually become restricted to it.s present application. HIGH COMMISSION, TuK Coi irr of. An extraiiiiliiiMiy lriliini;il. famous in English his- tory, originating undiT the Act of Supremacy during the lirst year of Klizaln'th's reij,'n. which authorized the Queen tii appoint an ecclesiastical commission to reform or correct all "heresies, er- rors, .schisms, abuses, contempts, and enormities whatsoever." In July, looU, Eli/.abeth granted a eonmiission to "ilatthew Parker, nominate Bishop of t'anterbiiry, and Edmund tlrindall, nominate Bishop of London." with seventeen lay- men, constituting them a e<jurt for the whole realm. The court might proceed by witness, with or without a jun', or in any way it should deem proper. It might compel attendance on mere sus- picion, examine either the witnesses or the ac- cused "upon their corporal oath," and commit them to 'ward' for disobeying its summons or any of its decrees. The tribunal was created primarily to admin- ister the Acts of Supremacy and Iniformity. As already seen, this (irst commission authorizes the use of the oath ex offirio, through which the ac- cused might be forced to convict himself. "This procedure, which was wholly founded on the canon law, consisted in a scries of interrogsitions so eomprehensive as to embrace the whole .scope of clerical uniformity, yet so precise and minute as to leave no room for evasion, to which the susp<'cted party was bound to answer" upon his 'corporal' oath. According to Strype, the oath er o/firin was the ground (if much of the popular hatred of the High Commission. That tribunal was re^iardcd as a kind of ecclesiastical star ehand)er; and. in fact, the relations of the two bodies were vitv close. The real activity of the Hif.di Commission l>egan in l.iS:} on the succession of Whitgift to the ollice of Archbishop of Canter- bury. It was maintained with increased powers during the reijins of .lames I. and Charles 1.; but. hated by the people and opposed by the law courts, with the Star Chandler it was alxtlished by the Koni; Parliament in ItUl. It was restored in a niodilicd form by James II. in l(W(i. but was delinitivcly abolislied in ItlSS. The commission is.sued by Elizalwth authorized the commissioners to act throughout the wliide kingdom: but in practice their jurisdiction was restricted to the Province of Canterbury or Southern England. "There is evidence to show that during, at all events, the greater part of the period l.").in 104(1. a northern commission was sitting at York, nurhain, Ripon, or elsewhere, and <lischarged functions analogous to those discharged hv the southern commission at Lambeth, Fulham, Croydon, or Canterbury" (Prothero. Selerl Stntutcs. xlv. ). There was also a commission for Ireland, and until IfiOO commissions were sometimes issued for particular diweses. The text of the principal commissions and other documents mar he found in Prothero's flrlrrt fitnfiili's (Oxford. 1804). Consult also: Hallam. Cnvxfitutintml History (new ed.^ London, 1876); Strype, Annals (4 vols., new ed.. Oxford, 1824), vol. iii. ; Burn. The aiiir Vhaiiibtr: utivc8 of the I'ouit and Its I'ro- ctttiinys, iiilh A ) ; aud the histories of Green. Kunke, and (jardiner. HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE. The division of the Kn;;li-h .'supiciiic ( ourl that has general original jurisdiction. It was created by the .ludi- cature Acts (q.v. ). HIGHER CRITICISM. Sec Biblical Cuiti- f'lSM. HIGHER LIFE, The. A name given to an advaiicnl ^latc of grace which many |iersons claim m;iy l)c rcachcil in this life. It is also called entire holiness, full salvation, and Christian perfection. The doctrine h;(s various form>. ( I) Complete sinlessness may 1h» reached by a single act of complete consecration to (Jod, continuing according to some iluring life, according to others for indetinile fHriods. The objection to this claim is twofold. Comlete sinlessness diK>s not swm to be established as a fact. Nor is any pre- vious state, fotuidcd on a cons«'cration of self to Cod which is less than complete, truly a Christian state at all. (2) The state is one of |HMl'cclioii of Christian love, by grace made supreme in the .soul. Mtist sin wotild ne<'essarily be excluded by such a love, and errors that were olijerl ivcly wrong would not W subje<'tively .-ins, because not intended as such. The tpiestion as to this form of the doctrine is one of fact. Is there reason to l>elieve that given individuals are thus under the domination ot uninternif>ted. perfect love? (H) The state is attained by eonfonnity to the actual demands of (lod. which are lowered from the strict standard of ideal perfection toi meet the capacity of our feeble natures. This theory con- founds the stand;ird of conscience and the de- mands of Cod «ilh what may l>c ell'ii-ted as a rational probability that men shall attain. Con- sult Johnson, The Highest Life (New York, 1 noi ). HIGH'GATE. . northern, hilly section of metropolitan London, in Middlesex, ,5 miles north- northwest of Saint Paul's (Map: London. C 7). It commands a fine view of the city, comprises many elegant villas and historical residences, and is the seat of important benex-olent institutions. The Highg:ite or North London Cemetery cnntniiis the graves of numerous celebrities, including Lord Lynrlhurst. i',vi>'^p Eliot. Ctdcridge. an(l Faraday. HIGH-HEELS AND LOW-HEELS. The two piditieal parties of Lilliput. in Swift's fliilli- ler's Travels. They are so called from the dis- tinguishing mark adopted by themselves. T'lev are designed to represent respectively the Tories and the Wliigs. HIGHHOLE (variant of highhoc, hcighaw, haihiiir, jxissibly oiiomatoi>oetic in origin: con- necte<l by popular etymology with high -+- hole). A lival name in the United Slates for the flider (q.v. K heard in many forms, and having many relatives in the provincial speech of both Creat I'.ritain and .mcriea. Consult BiiVrlin Xiittall Omilhohigiral f'hih (Cambridge. ISSIt. HIGHLAND, or KYLOE, CATTLE. A race of small hardv cattle, of the western 'Highlands'