Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/807

* INTERVAL. ri7 INTESTINE. The number of vibrations will then be doubled, or 1740. This establishes the ratio between the prime and octave of 1:2. A string producing e" vilnates 1305 times. Thus the ratio between prime and fifth is as 780 : 1305, or as 2 : 3. The pi-ecediug table sliows the ratios of the difl'erent intervals. As the lengtii of the vibrating string is in in- verse ratio to the numljcr of vibrations, the ratios of the above table need only be inverted to deter- mine the length of the siring for any given inter- val. See H.RMONY; Music. INTEBVENTION (Lat. interventio, inter- pci-ition, a coming between, from intervenire, to come between, from inter, between + venire, to come). (1) An act or proceeding by which a person not originally a party to an action is ad- mitted as such for the protection of a right or interest in the subject matter of the litigation, which will be materially affected by its deter- mination. It has always been a well-established light under the civil law' and was early intro- duced into the English procedure. In a few of the United States the riglit is confined to actiofis involving real or |)ersonal property, but in most jurisdictions no siu-h limitation exists. A person may be thus admitted as a party plaintilf or de- fendant, by application to the court before the cause has proceeded to trial. See Pleading; Pr.ctice; Partie.s. (2) In international law, the interference of one State in the affairs of another for the purpose of preventing injury to itself, or in behalf of some principle, jierson, or collection of persons. Intervention may assume several forms. Thus it may be by vcrlial note delivered to the ambas- sador of the country against which the grievance is held; it may be by official notes publicly de- clared; it may take the form of an international congress or conference; or, finally, it ma.y result in armed interference. It is the last form which is generally understood when reference is made to acts of intervention. Notable instances of intervention have been the invasion of Holland by the Prussians in 1787 to restore to his old ])osition the Stadlholdcr, who was a brother-in- law of the Prussian King: the interference of the Holy Alliance to thwart liberal movements, and restore absolutism in Spain. Xaples, Sicily, and Piedmont in the early part of the nineteenth century; the interference of Austria and Prussia in behalf of Louis XVT. of France in 1701 ; and the intervention of France in Rome in 1849 to restore the temporal power of the Pope. Xo general rule can be laid down to determine when intervention is justifiable. It is well settled th.at it is excusable as a measure of self-preserva- tion. Tluis. in Europe, the policy of interference in behalf of the biilance of power has been quite connnon. Any European State may be restrained from pursuing plans of acquisition of territory. Europe is regarded as a confederacy of States, and the balance of power is the guarantee of na- tional existence against the designs of the more powerful States. This principle is not violated by territorial aggrandizements, so long as the safety and liberty of neighboring States are not endangered. Notable instances of intervention under this head were that against Louis XIV. to prevent him from seating his gi-andson on the throne of Spain; the coalitions against Napoleon : the interposition of the four Powers in 1840 in favor of the Sultan against Mehemet AH of Eg}-pt; and that of France and England in 1854 to preserve the integrity of the Turkish domin- ions against the designs of Russia. Concerted ac- tion or intervention by the great Powers of Eu- rope is sometimes resorted to in order to prevent a smaller State from following a ])articular line of conduct or to compel it to do a certain act. An instance of this form of intervention was the formal recognition of the independence of Belgium by the five great Powers in 1830, when tliat country emancipated itself from Holland. With the development of modern civilization, humanitarian motives are often a[)pealed to as a juslilication for interference where cruelty is in- fiictcd bj- despotism or religious intolerance. Such cases must be carefully scrutinized, for the danger always exists that they may cover ambi- tious projects for territorial aggrandizement. But interventions on the giound of humanity have under exceptional circumstances certainly a moral, if not a legal justification. Such was the intervention of Great Britain, France, and Rus- sia in 1827, by which Greece was liberated from Turkey, and again in the interposition of the great Powers in 1800 to stop the persecution and massacre of Christians of the Lebanon. The most important recent instance of intervention is that of the United States in Cuba in 1898, which may be referred in part to humanitarian feelings aroused by the crueUies attending the insurrectionary struggle against .'~!panish author- ity, in part to the destruction of .merican prop- erty, and the menace to American interests re- sulting from the possible acquisition of the island by another foreign power. See Intebna- TIONAL Law, and the authorities there referred to. INTESTACY (from Lat. iittestatus. having riade no will, from in-, not + testari, to make a will, from testis, witness). A technical term of the law to describe the state of a person who dies leaving property undisposed of by last will and testament. By the present law of England and the L^nited States there is no restriction upon the right of testamentary disposition. This has not always been the case, however, the right of disposing of one's proj^rty by will without restriction being a comparatively late acquisition in the evolution of society. Indeed, in Scotland. Louisiana, Quebec, and other States whose legal systems are based on that of the civil law. the power of testation is still limited by the right of children of the testator or other n:itural objects of his bounty to take by inheritance a certain definite share of his estate. See Inofficiois Testaiient. Intestacy may be complete, as where a person leaving property dies without leaving a valid will : or it ni.ay be partial, where a will does not dispose of the entire estate of the testator, either intentionally or through the lapse of a legacy, or the illegality of a specific devise. In either event the property undisposed of by will passes by the operation of the laws of descent (q.y. ) and distribution (q.y.) to the heirs or next of kin of tlic decedent. See Heib ; INHERITANCE; Tes- ta Mi;T; Wtix. INTESTINE (Lat. iitte.tfintim. neut. sing, of iiilcstinus. internal, from ixtiix. within. from in, in). The part of the digestive tract between the stomach and the anus. The small intestine in- cludes the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum, and averages 22 feet 6 inches in the male, 23