Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/782

* INTERAMNA. 6'J4: INTERDICT. IN'TERAM'NA. TJie ancient name of Tcrni (q.v.), Italy. INTER'CALARY. . siippleincntnry day or miilldl. Sit (AI.lMiAH; HlS.SKXTII.l:; T-kai'-Yeak. INTERCELLULAR SYSTEM (from Lat. inter, between + Neu-Lat. villiihi, allulr, di- niinulivo of Lat. cclla, cell). Tlip system of spaces in plants, often eon1inuou«, between tlio cells. They may be formed by the spliltin;; of cell-walls (schizojuenously ) or by the breaking down of nia.-ises of tissno (lysijjenously ) . Spaces formed by splittinj^ are found only in the higher plants, and do not occur at all in plants below the mosses. When a tissue is very young, its cells are angular and in such close contact that there are no intercellular spaces; but as the cells grow older they may become rounded, and the coiinnon walls may split at the angles, thus producing intercellular spaces of various extent. When the spaces are very large, as in the stems of water-lilies (Xympha'a), they are called 'air- chambers.' Smaller intercellular spaces are al- most universal in the spong^• parenehynia of leaves, in the pith of stems, and in older paren- chyma generally. To this category belong many glandular passageways, like the resin-ducts of conifers, the nuicilage-ducis of cycads, the gura- rcsin ducts of the nmbellifers, etc. Spaces formed by the breaking down of masses of tissue give rise to the hollow stems of grasses and many other plants. The cavities in the leaves of quillworts (Isoetes) and many other i)lants are also formed in tliis way. The oil-glands of the orange and lemon, many glands on leaves which appear to the naked eye as 'pellucid dots,' the gum cavities in the tissues of cherry-trees, are all examples of lysigenously formed glands. Sec Anatomy oi' Pi- ts; Akratiox. INTERCESSION, Doctrine of (Lat. inter- ccssio, from intcrccrlcrc, to intervene, from inter, between + crdrre, to go). A doctrine of theology, based on certain passages of Scripture which arc held to represent Christ, after having finished His redemptive work on earth, and ascended into His state of glory and exaltation, as ever plead- ing with f!od on behalf of those whom He has redeemed by the shedding of His blood (Rom. viii. 3A; He'b. vii. 2.5: I. .John i.) . It is not to be supposed, however, that (!od needs to be inter- ceded with, as if He were still reluctant to for- give men. or that Christ's intercession makes Him more merciful than before. The interces- sory work of Christ is to be regarded rather as intended to make eternally individual applica- tion of the sacrifice of atonement to believers. The doctrine of the intercession of Christ is held alike by Protestants and Koman Catholics; but the latter, in addition, believe in the cfTicacy of tile intercession of the Virgin and the saints, on which see Saixt.s. INTERCOLUMNIATION (from Lat. inter- columniiim, space between two C(ilunins. from inter, between + enhimnii. column). In classic architecture, the distance l>etween the columns of a building, measured at the bottom of the shaft. The intercolumniation varies in different exam- ples, and among the Greeks seems to have been determined by the taste and the general scheme of proportions adopted for the building rather than by fixed rules. It may vary from one and a half diameters of the column to over three. An intercolumniation of two and one-quarter di- ameters is called enslyle by Vitriivius, and re- garded as the most appropriate. The central in- tercolunuiiation of a cobmnade is freipiently made wider than the others when required for access to a gate or door. INTERDICT (Lat. interdictum, prohibition, from iiili rilirrii. to forbiil, frinn intir, between + dicrrc, to say, Cik. jeiKn'rat, (/< iAiii/iidi, Skt. dii, to point out; connected with Ciotli. ijnteihnn, to tell, Ollfi. zihan, (Jer. zrihen, AS. tron, to ac- cuse). An ecclesiastical censure or penalty in the Koman Catholic Cliurch, which deprives tho faithful of certain sacraments (q.v.). of partici- pation in the celebration of the divine olTices, and of ecclesiastical burial. Interdicts are of three kinds — personal, local, and mixed. When tho censure affects only some designated individuals, it is called a particular personal interdict. When it affects a whole comnuinity or corporation, it is called a general personal interdict. A local inter- diet aitects only such individuals as are present in a designated place, and can be avoided by re- moving from the jilace. A particular local inter- dict alfects only a single monastery, church, or seminary. A general local interdict applies to an entire parish, city, province, or kingdom. In sucli general censures, certain churches are usu- ally cxenitents were f<u' a time ilebarrcd from the sac- raments, and from the privilege of presence at the celebration of the ICucharist. It grew out of exconmumication (q.v.). and at first was called a general excomnninicalion. Then it usnallv de- prived the persons who dwelt in the excommuni- cated place of all sacraments. From 315 on, there are instances of such general excommunica- tions. But the interdict proper took its pecu- liar form, although not its name, in Northern France in the ninth century. It was adopted by the Popes about the middle of the eleventh century, and the term interdict was used in its tedinical meaning in 1002. It came into use as an ordinary Church censure in the frequent con- flicts of the ecclesiastical and* civil power. It was designed to awaken the popular conscience to the nature of the crime, by including all alike in the penalty with which it was visited. In this way public pressure could be brought upon the rulers who had offended. The most famous interdicts are those laid upon England in 1171 by .Iexander III. after the murder of Thomas il Reeket (q.v.) ; upon Scotland in IISO by .lex- ander III.: on P'rance, under Philip .ugustus. by IniKK'cnt III., in 1200 (although some historians deny that any interdict was then laid) ; and on Kngland under John, in 120!). The description of England under the last-named interdict, as detailed by some of the contemporary chroniclers, presents a striking picture of the condition of a country where the interdict was strictly obeyed. It would be a great mistake, however, to sup- pose that during the continuance of an interdict the people were entirely destitute of spiritual assistance. The severity had been greatly less- ened by the middle of the eleventh century; it was permitted to administer baptism, confirma-