Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/758

* INSPIRATION. 670 INSTINCT. ments in IIoUi Scripture, Bniiipton Lectures for 1803 (London, 18ti3) ; Loe, The Inspiration of IJoly Heripture (London. 1854; oth od. 1882); Kow, Inspiration: Us Mode and Extent (Lon- don, 1804); Westcolt, "Primitive Doctrine of In- spiriition," in lii^s Introduction to the Ntudy of the (iospvis (London, 1800; 8th cd. 18!)4) ; War- rin;;ton, Inspiration (I^ndon, 1807) : Delitzseli, De Inspirationc Script uriv Sncrw ijuid Statuerint I'atrcs Apostolici ct Apulojiitw Srcundi Saculi (Leipzij,', 1872) ; Kubiiud, llistoirc de la doctrine de ('inspiration dcs Sainlcs KiTitures (Paris, 1883) ; Ladd, The Doctrine of Sacred Scripture (2 vols., New York, 1883) ; Simon. The liible an Outgrouth of Theocratic Life ( Kdinburfjli. 1880) ; Eolinert, Die Inspiration der hciUijcn Schrift und ihre liestreiter (Leipzig, 1889) ; .Sanday, Inspira- tion (London, 1893) ; Sehultz, Old 'Testament Theology (Eng. trans., Kdinburgli. 1892), gives the Ritsclilian theory in application. INSPIRED IDIOT, TiiK. A name given to Oliver CDldsiiiitli by Iluraec Walpole. INSPIRED TINKER, The. A name some- times applied til .liilin liiinyan. INSTALLATION i Lat. installatio, from in- stallarc, to install, from in, in -f stallunt, place, from OHG. stal, tier. Stall, AS. stcalt, Eng. stall; connected with (ik. art'/.Aiii', stellrin, to send, and ultimately with Lat. stare, Gk. laravai, hislanai, Skt. 6(/i<J, t)lRi. slin, Gcr. stclicn, to stand). In the Anglican t'hureli, the ceremonial act or process by which a person presented and legally eonlirmcd in a benelice is formally put into possession of his oflice, and by which he is fully empowered not alone to exercise its func- tions, but to enjoy its honors and emoluments. The ceremonial form, as well as the name, dili'ers according to the ollicc which is conferred, as 'enthronization' for a bishop, 'induction' for a rector, etc. 'Installation' properly regards the olliee of a canon or i)rebendarv. (S<'e Induc- tion.) In the non-episcopal churches installa- tion is used for the ceremony by which a pastor is formally introduced to his charge. INSTANCE, CornT of. The branch of the English Court of Admiralty which e.crcised all the jurisdiction of that court in matters triable under the municipal law (q.v.). This excluded only one cla.ss of eases arising under admiralty law- — viz. 'prize' cases, which involved interna- tional law, and for the trial of which the court lequired a special conuuission authorizing it to net as a 'priz* court.' The entire jurisdiction of the Admiralty Court was transferred to the High Court of Justice by the Judicature Act (q.v.) in 1873. The above distinction in the exercise of jurisdiction has never prevailed in the I'nited States. However, the term is still employed in England and the I'nited States to describe the kind of jurisdiction exercised in cases involving exclusively the municipal law. .See .i>.iiRAi.rv; M.miitime Law; Prize Coibts. INSTATJRA'TIO MAGNA (Lat., Great Re- newing). A great work on the reorganization of the sciences, by Francis Bacon (q.v.). Almost all his philosophical writings actually form part of this vast scheme, or were intended to be includ- ed in it. INSTERBURG, In'ster bnnrK. A town of Prussia, in the Province of East Prussia, situated on the left bank of the Angerapp, about 60 miles east of Kdnigsl)erg. It has a castle, a gymnasium, and a seminary for fennile teachers (.Vlap: Prus- sia, J 1). Linen-cloth weaving, tanning, brewing, and distilling are the chief industries. Insler- burg had its origin in a castle of the Teulunie Knights built in the fourteenth ccnturv. Popu- lation, in 1890, 22,227; in 1900, 27,287. " INSTINCT (Lat. i/i.s/iHf/i(.s, impulse, from instiiiijuire, to im])cl, from in, in -- 'si ingucrc, to prick; connected with Goth, stiggan, AS. stingan, to push). The sum of inherited rcllex acts, becoming habitual and arising from blended rcllex and sulx-onscious though involuntary acts, jwrformed at birth or through life blindly", with- out practice or previous experience, ell'ort, train- ing, or thought. Instincts in animals are di- rectly connected with the quest for food or with reproduction, especially care for the young, as in egg laying and nesting. An instinctive act is any habitual and heredi- tary rcllex actiim frequently repeated throughout the life, not only of the individual, but of the species, in response to an external stinnilus, in part controlled by rudimi'iitary consciousness, but without volition, and always performed with lefcrence to the needs of the animal and the maintenance and preservation of the species. 'J"he instincts of each species or genus of ani- mals arc correlated with or dependent upmi their peculiar structure and degree of specialization. Habits are in general confined to the life of the individual, and may or nniy not be trans- mitted ; but instinet-s are accumulated rellexes leconiing by re|)etition habits which are mani- fested and handed down for multitudes of genera- tions. Instinct is of all stages of development, from (1) merely simple, rcllex acts, ns those of proto- zoans, sponges, and jiolyjjs, to (2) the highly specialized and complicated acts of the ants and social wasps and bees, as well as birds and mam- mals. Instincts grow in complexity, and are con- trolled or blended with or accompanied by more purely conscious and intelleclual manifestations as we rise higher and higher in the animal scale, rind as the nervous and muscular systems become more and, more s]H'eiaIizeil. The instincts of most binls and mammals, and mostly those of the do- mestic animals, which have associated with and Ix^en taught by man, exhibit the germs of intelli- gence, and even at times of reason, in its present restricted sense given it by Morgan. The elements or factors out of which instincts arise arc: (I) Xeeds or the necessities of exist- ence; (2) the .stimulus of the physical agents of heat, light, etc.. or the physiological stinuili of Inuiger or of the reproductive functions: (3) re- flex acts at first more or less exi)erimental or ten- tative: (4) the repefition and natural selection of such acts, until they become (.5) habits; (0) the perpetuation of such acts by inheritance; (7) the reflex acts and habits becoming blended with rudimentary consciousness (associative memory), without willing. Instinctive acts are not rarely variable; they arc sometimes at fault; they nia.v be modified by change of circumstances, or, through disuse or changed habits and structures, entirely lapse. Thus, in aquatic animals, such as the seals, whales, etc., which have evidently descended from some unknown terrestrial ancestors, en- tirely new instincts arose as the result of a