Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/74

* HIEN FUNG. 58 was on his way to Peking to exclian|;e ratification as previously iiri;inj.'ed, he was filed upon, and his party driven back. This made another expedi- tiiMi nei-essary, and in ISliO another army (Kraiieo joining) and lh»et took the Taku forts a seeond time, eaptured Tientsin, and proeeeded to Peking. Hicn Full}; Ih'd to Jehol (q.v.), where he died in the following year, leaving his brother. Prince Kiing, to negotiate a new treaty of peace, which in the circumstances was more rigorous than that of 1858. Additional ports were to be opened, and it was agrit-d that henceforth a Brit- ish envoy or ambassador was to be allowed to reside at Peking, and in connection with this a Department of Foreign All'airs — the Tsung-li- YainOn — was established, I'rince Ivung becoming its first president. HIEBACITES, hl-er'a-sits. See Hiebax. HIEEACItri^, hi'«-rfi'shi-uni. See Hawk- weed. HIERAPOLIS, hi-<'-rap'Ali8 (Lat., from Gk. 'lepdwo/ic, nacrcd city, from lepoc, hieros, sacred -f iri/if, poli.i, city). (1) A city in Southwest I'hrvgia. about six miles north of Laodicea. It was the religious centre of the native worship of the district; and «as an important scat of the mysteries of the Phrygian nature-goddess, who was here called Leto. her daughter, Cora, a male deity, and a son. It possessed warm springs which had. and still have, a remarkable power of forming incrustations. Its religious fame was also increased by the Plutonium or Chanmium, a narrow but deep cliasm, from which issued a noxious vapor, supposed to be fatal to all except the eunuch priests of the goddess. This chasm had disappeared in the fourtli century a.d. Con- sult: Ramsay, Cities and fiishoprics of I'hrygia, vol. i. (Oxford, 1805) : Hermann and others, Alterthiimer ton Bierapolis ( Herlin, 1808). (2) A city in tli"? Glaucus Valley in Central Phrygia (now Kotch-Hissar) . which seems to have i)een the old centre of a pentapolis, and is known in early Christian history from the life of Saint Aljcrcius, or (better) .Avircius, a leader in the second century- a.d., wlio caused a remarkable protest against Slontanism to be inscribed on his tomb. The original document has survived and is now in Rome. It is so drawn up that it bears a double meaning, and the esoteric Cliris- tian sen.se was clear only to 'him who compre- hends.' It has also been interpreted as a heathen document. Consult: 'Ramsay, Cities aii4 Hishoprirs, vol. ii. (Oxford. 1897) : and Dietrich, Die (Irabsehrift firs Ahert.ios (Leipzig, 1800). (."?) A city of Syria Cyrrhestiea. known also as Bambyce (Gk. /SaM/Si/Ki) ) . situated about twenty- five miles south of the ancient Carcheniisb, on the hills southwest of the meeting of the Euphrates and Sajur rivers. It is now in ruins, but in the times of the Seleucids was a city of much com- mercial importance. Tn the reorganization of the Roman Kmpire under DirK-letian it became the capital of the province of Euphratensis or Com- magene. In the time of .Justinian it had retro- gressed, but the fortifications were restored by the ^^abs. and it endured many vicissitudes during the Crusades. HIERARCHY, hl'5r-!irk-l (from ML. hierar- chia. r;k. ifpapxla, hierarchy, from Updpxv, h'"- rarrhcs, hicrarch, from lepAs, hieros, sacred + ipX", arehos, leader, from Spx"". archein, to HIEBAX. lead). The name used by theological writem to designate the whole governing and minister- ' ing body in the t'liurcli, dislribiiteil ncconliiig to its several gradations. The word, in its striit acceptation is applicable only to the Roman Catholic Church, ami to lliu>e Christian cum- muiiities which retain the prclatical form of Church government, or at least the distincti(ms of ecclesiastical order and gradation. In consid- iiig the hierarchy it is luicssary to bear in mind the well-known distinction of order and of juris- diction. (1.) Considered under the head of or- der, the hierarchy embraces all the various orders or classes of ministers to whom has Ijeen assigned the duty of directing public- worship, administer- ing the sacraments, and discharging the various other oflices connected with the preaching of the gospel: and these are of two kinds— the orders directly instituted by divine authority, and those established by ecclesiastical ordinance. Theo- logians commonly distinguish a hierarchy of di- Tine rifjht, and a hirriirclni of ecclesiastical riijht, (1) The first includes (lie tbrce ranks of bishops, priests, and deacons. Tlic bishops are Ijelieved, as successors of the .postles, to have inherited the integrity of the Christian priestliood. The or- der of episcopate, however, is not believed to be a distinct order from that of prieslliood. but only a fuller and entirely unrestricted form of that order. In all that regards what Roman Catholics believe to be the Christian sacrifice of the cucharist, they hold that the priest possesses the same powers of order with the bishop; but ho cannot confer the sacrament of orders, nor can he validly exercise the jiowcr of absolving in the sacrament of penance without the approbation of the bishop. (2) To the three ranks thus primi- tively instituted several others have bwn added by ecclesiastical ordinance. (Sec Orders. Hoi.y.) (II.) The hierarrhy of jurisdietion directly re- gards the government of the Church, and com- prises not only iiU the snecessive degrees of eccle- siastical authority derived from the greater or less local extension of the several spheres within which such governing autliority is limited — ^begin- ning with the Pope as primate of the universal Church, and extending to the patriarchs as ruling their several patriarchates, the primates in the several kingdoms as national churches, the metro- politans or archbishops within their respective provinces, and the bishops in their dioceses. In the Anglican Church, with the oflice of the episcopate, the tbcorj- of a hierarchical gradation of rank and of authority has been retained. The Anglican hierarchy comprises bishops, priests, and deacons. In the other reformed churches a hierarchical government is practicnlly non-exist- ent. Jtany theological writers, following Diony- sius the Areopagite. regard the angels as or- ganized in the same hierarchical manner accord- ing to their various orders. HIERATIC WRITING. Si-e IIiEROor.Tpmrs. HI'ERAX, or HIER'ACOS (Lat., from Gk. 'lipai). An Egj-ptian asielie of the third cen- tury. He is said to have lived to the age of ninety, and devoted himself to scientific and lit- erary pursuit*;. He was the author of bililical commentaries, both in Greek and Coptic, and is said to have composed many hymns. He became leader of the seft of the Hieracitcs. an ascetic so- ciety from wbifh persons living in the married state were excluded. On other points Hierax fol-