Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/729

* INQUEST. 643 INQUISITION. in tlie State the title to lands in their possession. Consult the Commentaries of Kent and Black- stone; Pollock and ilaitland, Uixlory of Enylish Law (2d ed., London and Boston, IS'JiJj. See AcTio-; Alien; Coroxek; Inquisition; etc. INQUILINE, in'kwilln (from Lat. inqui- liiitis, one dwcllinj,' in a place not one's own, from idco^a, inhabitant, from incolcre, to inhabit, from in, in + colere, to cultivate). An insect which lays its eggs in a nest of some other insect, thus living parasitically at the expense of the host. The Inquilina; form a group of gall-flies called 'guest gall-flies,' which are unable to produce galls themselves, since they do not secrete the gall-producing poison, though possessing a well-developed ovipositor. Hence, like the So- niada, etc.. among bees, they are 'cuckoo-flies,' laying their eggs in galls already formed, the larvae feeding on the inside of the gall in com- pany with the larvae of their host. These in- quilines strikingly resemble their hosts, and arc dillicult to separate. There are several hundred species. The [nquilin.T, forming a section of the family Cynipida-. are. according to Walsh, dis- tinguished from the true gall-flies by the sheaths of the ovipositor always projecting more or less beyond the 'dorsal valve,' which is a small hairy tubercle at the top of the seventh abdominal seg- ment. This dorsal valve also projects greatly. In almost all the species the ovipositor projects from between the tips of the sheaths. Among the inquiline genera are STiophrus. Amblmopus, Synerges, and Aulax, which are 'guests' of vari- ous species of Cynipides. The cuckoo-flies (Chrysididse) are all inquilines, laying their eggs in the nests of wasps and solitary bees; some are true parasites. One of the eight species of British wasps is said by Sharp to be a guest wasp. Guest bees are not rare; they do not work, the organs for col- lecting and carrying pollen having been lost by disuse. Guest bees enter the nests of both soli- tary and social bees and lay their eggs, the young feeding upon the pollen stored up for the young of their hosts, but not directly destroying their young hosts. Xoniada (q.v. ) is a gaily-col- ored bee which boards with species of Halictiis, Andrena, etc. Packard states that there seemed enough food in tlie nest for the young of both host and boarder, as they were found to live har- moniously together, and their hosts and their parasites are disclosed both at the same time. The species of Coelioxys live on the leaf-cutting bee (Megachile), those of Psithyrus on the bumblebee. In this guest bee the mandibles of the female are acute and two-toothed, their legs (tibiae) are convex, so that they cannot carri- pollen, while they have no pollinigerous organs. The habits of these guest bees afi'ord interesting examples of the effect of change of habits on their structure. For the guests of ants and termites see Insect, paragraph ffocinl Tnxerts. BiBLionRAPHY. Packard, Guide to fffjidif of Injects (9th ed.. New York, 1889) ; Sharp, Cam- hriflne Xaturnl History, vols, v.-vi. (London, Isn.TOn). LNQUIRY, WRIT OF. A common law writ or process diiected to a sherifi' commanding him to empanel a jury for the purpose of assess- ing damages. It is employed against a default- ing defendant. The proceedings under such a writ are termed an inquest. Sec Inqi'est. INQUISITION (Lat. inquisitio, inquiry, from iiKjUutrt, lo investigate, from in, in + rjuwrere, to seek). The {Imjuiisilio hcere- tiew ijiavitatis). called also the Holy OHice. A tribunal in the Konian Catholic Cluirch for the discovery, repression, and punishment of heres}', unbelief, and other oftenses against re- ligion. From the very earliest times Christians looked with horror upon all heresj-. As soon as the Council of Xica;a (.32.5) had formulated its creed, Constantine attempted to repress all dis- sent, but it was not until 385 that any one was executed for heresy. From this tiiiie, in the East, persistence in heresy was legally punish- able with death. In the West, however, among the tolerant Germans there was no tendency for several centuries to inflict the capital sentence for heresy. In the twelfth century there were some executions, but the Church in general pre- ferred milder measures. Peter II. of .-iragon. in 1197, was the flrst Western ruler to decree that heretics should be burned at the stake. This became the (onmiun rule in Italy, Germany, France, and Spain in the following century. The ecclesiastical cognizance of lieresy, and its pun- ishment by spiritual censures, belonged to the bishop or episcopal synod; but the bishops seldom fultilled this duty, because they were too fully occupied. Xo special machinery for the pur- pose was devised, however, until the spread, in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, of certain sects rejjuted dangerous alike to the State and to the Church — the Cathari, Waldenses. and Al- bigenses — excited the alarm of the civil as well as of the ecclesiastical authorities. .t that time heresy was regarded as a crime against the State no less than against the Church. .'Vn extraor- dinary commission was .sent by Pope Innocent III. into the south of France to aid the local authorities in checking the spread of the Albi- gensian heresy, and a council hela at Avignon in 1209 directed that in each parish the priest and two or three laymen in good repute should be ap- pointed to examine and report to the bishop all such ofl"enses discovered within the district. The fourth Lateran Council (1215) earnestly im- pressed, both on bishops and magistrates, the necessity of increased vigilance against heresy. So far, however, there was no permanent court distinct from tho.se of the bishops: but by suc- cessive edicts, from 1227 on. a special tribunal for the purpose was instituted, the direction of which was confided chiefly to members of the Dominican Order (12.32)." The Inquisition thus constituted became a general, instead of. as pre- viously, a local tribunal : and it was introduced into Italy, Spain, and the southern provinces of France. The procedxire of the Inquisition deserves a brief notice. A person suspected of heresy, or de- nounced as guilty, was liable to be arrested and detained in pri.son. to be brought to trial only when it might seem fitting to his judges. The proceedings were conducted secretly. He was not confronted with his accusers, nor were their names even then revealed to him, but the sus- pect could make known his enemies, whose evi- dence would thereupon be excluded. The evidence of an accomplice was admissible, and the ai-cused himself was liable to be put to the torture in order to extort a confession of his gtiilt. Any such confession, however, had to be repeated afterwards without torture in order to be ac-