Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/727

* INOCERAMUS. 641 INOUYE. (if thpm attainiiifr tlio diainetcr of two fwt. Soe JiTiASsic System. INOCULATION (Lat. inoculatio, from Lat. itiociiluir, to graft, from in, in + oculus, tye; c'oniiec-tcd with OChurch Slav, uko, OPruss. uyinx, Litli. o/.is, Goth. auyO, UilG. ouye, Ger. Auyc, A.S. cage, Eng. eye). Intentional infection of an intiividual with a disease by introducing its viru.s into the tissues or fluids of the body. Inoculation ot the lower animals is used in the study of bacte- riology, for it is possible by this means to repro- duce in animals, with some organisms, the patlio- l(i;iical condition presented in the natural disease. Cultures are made of the micro-organisms of the disease, or tissues, secretions, or excretions are obtained from the di.seased body, to constitute the material for use. (See Dlsease, Gekm Theoky OF.) The inoculation is either subcutaneous, in- liaserous, iittrai'ascular, or intracerebral, accord- ing as the injection is made respeetivel}' into the tissue under the skin, into a .serous cavity like the |ileura. into a vein, or directly into the sub- stance of the brain. Criminals have been inoculated with disease for experimental purposes, as well as volunteers for science' sake. Preventive inoculation is prac- ticed in the case of several diseases, as rabies, plague, diphtheria, etc. Virus ot di.sease which has become weakened (attenuated) by being pas.sed through several animals is injected into human beings who have been or are to be exposed to the disease, and the desirable blood change, to- gether with the development of antitoxin, is obtained. (See Antitoxin; Immunity; Serum TiiEiiAPY.) The first use of inoculation in human beings was probably the intentional transference of smallpox. From very ancient times the Hin- dus, and from as early as the si.xth century the Chinese, inoculated persons with sniallpc.x and then cared for them, with the result of a smaller iTiortality than if they had caught the disease during an epidemic. In 1717 Lady JIary Wort- ley .Montague, wife of the English Ambassador in Turkey, became convinced of the advantages of inoculation with smallpox, as practiced by the Greeks and Armenians there. In 1721 she caused her son to be inoculated in London. Six con- ilcmned criminals at Newgate were the next experimental cases; and. after the two children of Caroline. Princess of Wales, were also inocu- lated, the fashion became established among the wealthy and high-born. The mortality from smallpox in England at that time was one in five, while the mortality of the inoculated was but one in .3000. The Chinese used crusts, placed ill the nostrils, or caused the children tn wear the clothes of a smallpox patient. Following (he Hindu method, the English made incisions in the arms, into which the pus from a pustule was introduced. In general, a milder course was taken by the disease resulting from inoculation, about fifty pocks appearing, it is said; but in sonip cases intense invasion followed with a fatal result. The disadvantage of the method ai)|x>ars from the fact that every inoculated (lerson be- came a focus for the spread of the disease, and isolation was expensive. Besides, the percentage of deaths from smallpox, in spite of (or possibly because of) inoculation, increased till, at the end ot the eighteenth century, one-tenth of the popula- tion of England died of the disease. After becom- ing very fashionable and spreadins over the civi- lized world, inoculation fell into disrepute short- ly after Jenner's introduction, in 1796, of vaccina- tion, which he had discovered in 1775, to be a preventive of smallpox. The entire ellieicncy of vaccination and its safety and ease caused ite ra|iid supplanting of inoculation. Prussia in 1835 jiroliibited inoculation for smallpox, and Great Britain enacted laws against it in 1840. It is said to be still in vogue in China and in Algiers. Consult: Moore, The History of Hmall- pox (London, 1815); CoUinson, Smallpox and 1 accinalion ilistorically and Medically (Consid- ered (London, 1860). See Vaccination; Jen- NER. INOCULATION (in plants). A term rarely used ill horticulture in the sense of buddina (q.V.). INOFFICIOUS TESTAMENT (ML. inolJi- cios-us, contrarj- to duty, from Lat. in-, not + officiosus, dutiful, from o/Jieium, duty, from opi- ficium, doing of work, from opifex, one who does work, from opus, work + fa cere, to do). In the civil law, a testament disinheriting the heir or other natural recipient of the testator's bounty. Such a will is deemed contrary to the duty which a parent owes to his oll'spring, and is therefore wholly or partially void. This doctrine has been adopted into the legal systems of the Continent, of Scotland, of Louisiana, and Quebec, and of other States who.se law is derived from that of Koine, but does not obtain in the common-law system of England and the United States. Where it exists it is generallj' regulated by statute, and in general effect will be given to an inofficious testament if it embodies the reasons of the tes- tator for the disinheritance complained of. See Heir; Succession; Testament. Consult the authorities referred to under Civil Law. IN'OSIT (from Gk. 'ts, Is. fibre), 0„H„(OH),-|- '211. <). A compound of carbon, hydrogen, and o.xygeii. extensively found in vegetables and spar- ingly in the muscles, lungs, kidne.ys. spleen, liver, and brain of man. It may be prepared by ex- tracting unripe beans with water, boiling the extract with some acetic acid, filtering, adding normal lead acetate to the filtrate, again filtering, adding some ammonia and basic lead acetate to this second filtrate, separating the precipitate thus produced and dissolving it in aqueous sul- phurctcd hydrogen, and finally mixing the sul- phuretcd-hydrogen i^olution with alcohol and ether; the inosit is then obtained in crystalline form. viz. in the form of large rhombic tables. The com])osition (CaH,X) and the sweet taste of inosit led chemists to mistake it for a form of sugar; it has, however, been shown to be a derivative of benzene, CoH,. The presence of inosit in a substance submitted for examination may be detected by mixing a small auKUint of the given substance with a little nitric acid, evapo- rating to dryness in a platinum crucible, and treating the residue with ammonia and a little strontium acetate. The presence of inosit is thus revealed by the formation of a violet pre- cipitate and a greenish coloration. I'nlikc the sugars, inosit does not undergo alcoholic fer- mentation, nor is it probably capable of under- going lactic fermentation in the presence of de- caying cheese. INOUYE, e'nd-oo'yii'. Kaoru (IS.-JO— ). A Japanese statesman, born in Choshin. With his friend Ito (q.v. ) he went to Europe, and studied two years in London. He returned in time to