Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/71

* HICKORY. HICKS. tutions. There are mauufattures of flour, lum- ber, foundry products, carriages and wagons, leather, etc. Population, in 18U0, 2023; in 1900, 2535. HICKORY (formerly hiccory, pohickery, from the North American Indian name), Carya, or Bicuria. A genus of trees formerly included among walnuts (Juglans). The hickories are exclusive- ly North American. They are large and beautiful trees, with pinnate leaves, and attain a height of 70 or 80 feet. Their timber is very heavy, strong, clastic, and tenacious, hut decays speedily when exposed to heat and moisture, and is (x^euliarly liable to injury from worms. Great quantities of hickory are used to make lioops for casks. It is much used for hands[)ikes, axe-handles, baskets, agricultural implements, etc., the second growth being tougher, is preferred for these purposes. When used for baskets the logs are cut into sec- tions of the required length, steamed in vats, and cut in a veneering machine, after which they are eliopped into splints of the required width. Shafts of carriages, handles of whips, and golf- clubs, large screws, etc., are made of hickory. It BHELLBARK HicKOBY (Carya sulcata). is greatly esteemed for fuel. The fruit of the hickory is a smooth, hard-shelled nut covered by a four-parted husk, whieh in most species sep- arates to the base upon maturity. The nuts of some of the species are of exeellent flavor. The shell-hark and shag-bark hickory are so called from their shaggy outer bark, which peels oflT in long, narrow plates. The hickories are found from Maine to Florida and west to ilinnesota, Kansas, and Texas, and extending into Jlexieo, several species occurring throughout the entire range. The trees are mostly slow growing. In forests they grow tall with few limbs, but in the open they branch widely and have many desirable qualities desired in park trees. The principal species, according to different authorities, are: Orny Brittonaiid Brown Pecan Carra olh'ieformis Hicoria pentn Shnchark hickory " nihn " ovnt.i Slii^Ubark hickory '* sulvstn ** iHviDosa Mocker nut luckor.v " tornentosa " albu Pip-nut hickory " pureina '* f^lahrn Bitter-nut hickory " nniiirfi ** minima Wator hickory " aquatica •• aqaatlra Nutmeg hickory " myristica- " myristira?- form if! form is Mexican hickory •* Mexicana *' Mexicana Small pi;;-nut hick- ory *' tnirror;irpn " odornta HICKORY-POLE CANVASS. The name given to the canvass for Andrew Jackson in the Presidential election of 1828. HICKORY SHAD. See Mud-Shad. HICKS, Klias (1748-18.30). An American minister of the Society of Friends, born at Hempstead, Long Island. While still a young man of twenty he began to feel a deep interest in religion, and within a few years his upright life and his ability as a speaker gained for him universal recognition as a minister in the So- ciety. During the next half-century he traveled widely llirough the Eastern States from .Maine to Maryland, preaching and organizing new meet- ings. He was an earnest and inlluenlial advocate of abolition, not hesitating to speak against slav- ery even in such a slaveholding conuiiunity as Jlaryland. To his efl'orts was due in large meas- ure the passing of the act which emancipated all slaves in Xew Vork in 1827. He first became the leader of a faction in the Society in 1817. For a number of years before that there had been a determined eflbrt made by some of the members to efl'cct a closer union with the Friends of the English society, and as a step toward tliis was proposed the adoption of an orthodox creed, the main points of which were the deity of Christ and the vicarious atonement. Tlie proposition met with considerable favor in Philadelphia, and a number of Friends from that city went down to the Baltimore yearly meeting in 1817 to advocate it there. Hicks, who was present, spoke eloquently against, the measure, and secured its rejection. From that time may be dated the schism in the Society which became complete in 1828. Those who followed Hicks — called 'Hicks- ites' as a term of reproach — far outnumbered the orthodox, and for many yeiirs there was gieat bitterness of feeling between the two factions. Of late, however, this has largely disappeared. Hicks published: Observations on Slavery (1811): Sermons (1828); Journal of the Life and lleliqious Labors of Klias Hicks { 1832) ; and Letters (1834). HICKS, Jonx Braxton- (1823—). An Eng- lish g>nccologist and anatomist, bom at Rye. and educated at Guy's Hospital in London and at the University of London. In 18(55 he I>ecamc lecturer at Guy's Hospital, was later obstetrical examiner to the Royal College of Physicians, then (1802) tonsulting obstetric physician at Saint ^fary's Hospital, president of the Obstetri- cal Society (1871-73). and Hunterian orator (1878). lie wrote The Honey Bee (ISf.O). with James Sanuielson. l)esides many contributions to the dity's Frtxpifal Reports, to the Transartiotis of the Olistetrical Society, to the Proceedings of the Medical Society, and to the Lancet. HICKS, Thomas (1823-90). An American portrait painter. He was born in Newtown. Pa., Octnlier 18. 1823. He studied at the Philadel- phia Academy, and afterwards at the National Academy, New York. Visiting Europe from 1845 to' 1840. he studied with Couture in Paris. He was elected member of the National Academy in 1851, and established studios in New York, and Trenton, N. .1. His color is good, his drawing is carefully executed, with elaborate accessories, and his composition is well balanced. He died in 1800, Some of his best-known portraits are: Edwin Booth as la^o. Henr>- W'nn] Beecher, Longfellow, Dr. Kane. William Af. Ev:irts. Bavard Tavlor. Hamilton Fish. Luther Bradish (18.57): Henrr Abbot (lSfi3). in the Historical Society, New York: Parke Godwin (1879) ; Mre.