Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/707

* INFORMER. 621 INFUSORIA. suits in chancery, which require to proceed in the name of the Attorney-General, the informer is called a relator. In Scotland an informer is the party who sets the lord advocate in motion in criminal prosecutions; and the lord advocate is bound to give up the name of the informer, who is liable in case of malicious prosecutions. See the authorities referred to under Crimixal Law. IN'FRALAPSA'BIAN (l.at. infra, below + lapsus, p.p. of lahi, to slip), or Sublaps.bian. In theology, one who holds that God permitted the fall of man without positively foreordaining it. and makes His election of certain men to salvation and others to condemnation dependent ujjon His foreknowledge of the fall. According to this view. God determined to create the world, to jjermit the fall, and to elect from the mass of fallen men some to eternal life, and leave the residue to suffer the just penalty of their sins. Election is thus made from those fallen by their own act, and this act is not necessitated by the divine power. Opposed to this view is that of the supralapsarians. who hold that the fall of Adam with all its evil consequences was predetermined from eternity, and that election to salvation or reprobation precedes the purpose to create and permit the fall, and has no relation to it. God's purpose in creating and governing the universe is to manifest His attributes and glory; and He decrees the fall and creates some to be saved and others to be lost to exhibit His grace and justice. .John Calvin is frequently regarded as the chief exponent of supralapsa- rianism; yet passages may be quoted from his works favoring the other view. The terms them- selves did not come into use until after his time. The majority of the Synod of Dort (q.v. ) and the Westminster .ssembly were infralap- sarians. The distinction is not confined to Calvinists. It is found also among the Roman ("atholics. See Ei.ectio.x ; Fall. Doctrine of THE: FOREKNOW-LEUGE AND FOREOBDI NATION. INFRINGEMENT (from Lat. infringere, to break, from in, in + frangerc, to break; connect- ed with Goth, bril.aii, OHG. brehhan. Ger. brech- en, AS. break). In its most general sense, any violation of a law or invasion of a legal right which gives rise to a cause of action, in law or equity, in favor of the person injured thereby. The term is. however, more commonly employed in a technical sense to describe an unlawful ap- propriation of ideas, principles, or rights when protected by copyrights, patents, or trademarks. The usual and proper remedy for an invasion of these statutory rights is an action at law for the damages sustained; or a court of equity will, upon application, enjoin the infringement, thus securing an absolute enjoyment or monopoly of the principles or ideas embraced in the work or device so protected. Infringement of a Patent Right. The manu- facture, use, or sale of a thing, the subject matter of which is the principle or novelty of a patented invention, constitutes an infringement of the latter. To prove that an alleged new de- vice incorporates the substance of an invention so protected, it is necessary to establish that the same result is accomplished, the same func- tions performed, and that the mode of operation is substantially the same. If these characteris- tics are present a mere change in the form or in the location of the parts of a patented article will not save the device thus constructed from being an infringement of the patentee's rights. See Patent; and consult the authorities there re- ferred to. Infringement of Teademabk. This consists in the unlawful use of a mark or device which an- other has registered to provide a means of iden- tification of his goods for the general public. Any device which is so similar to a registered trademark as to deceive or mislead the public constitutes an infringement thereof, even though it would not be diiBcult to distinguish the two when placed together. The usual remedy for such infringement is by injunction. See t'bade- -Mark; Tr.de Name; Label; etc. Consult the authorities referred to under Trademabk. For the treatment of the subject of Infringement of Vopurighfs. .see Copyright; Literary Property; and also AnRincMENT. IN'FUNDIB'ULTJM ( Lat.. funnel). A term u.sed in anatomy to denote tubular passages that are somewhat funnel-shaped. The infundibulum of the brain is a hollow process continuous with the tuber cinereum, and terminating in the pituitary body. The infundibulum of the nose, or infundibulum of the ethmoid bone, is a long cellular canal which passes from the frontal sinus through the anterior ethmoidal cells to the middle meatus of the nose. The infundibulum of the heart, or conus arteriosus, is that portion of the right ventricle of the heart which approaches the orifice of the pulmonary artery. The in- fundibula of the kidney are the three prolonga- tions of the pelvis of the kidney, which are in turn subdivided into the calices. INFUSION (Lat. infusio, a pouring in, from infuntlere, to pour in. from in, in -f- fiindcre, to pour; connected with Goth, giiitan. AS. geotan, OHG. giozan, Ger. giessen, Gk. x""', chein, Skt. hu, to pour), or Infisum. A term applied in pharmacy to an aqueous solution of a vegetable substance obtained without the aid of boiling. Such solutions are usually prepared by digesting in soft water (which may be either hot or cold, according to circumstances) the sliced or pow- dered substance in an earthenware vessel fitted with a cover. Cold water is preferable when the active principle is very volatile, or when it is expedient to avoid the' solution of some in- gredient in the vegetable which is soluble in hot, but not in cold water. In most cases, how- ever, boiling water is employed. Infusions are preferred to decoctions when "the active principle volatilizes at a boiling heat, as in the case of essential oils; or when ebullition readily induces some chemical change. Infusions may also be prepared by percolation (q.v.), a process which is extensively emploved in the preparation of tinctures. In all cases they should be prepared freshly for each day's con- sumption. Some pharmacists add less water than the stated amount in preparing an infusion by percolation, then add a considerable percent- age of alcohol, and stock the preparation till de- man(h>d. When ordered, they add to this 'con- centrated infusion' enough water to equal the proportion in the fresh article. INFUSO'RIA (Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from Lat. infii.vjriiim. reservoir of a lamp, from infu.^or, pourer. from infundere. to pour in). The highest or most specialized class of Protozoa (q.v.). The