Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/696

* INFANTRY. 610 INFANTS. infantry fire conwnenii's with uniiimcd (iiin;; at extreme range of 2000 yards; the aimed tire be- ginning to tell at 1000 yards, and at midrango, 1100 to aoo yard.s, the infantry lines advancing l>y alternate rushes, the lire should he very elleclive; ra|iid lire is used at ranges of less than 300 yards. The nnainu'd lire causi'S many losses, but the heavy losses which check advancing troops are caused by the aimed lire. (See 'I'AC-ncs, JllU- T.tRY.) The e.vtcndid order had its inception in the War of the Kevolution. and has of late years U'conic general in application in the I nited States and all Kurojiean armies. In the army of the I'nited States the service is voluntary, and the term of enlistment is three years. The infantry organiz;ition consists of thirty regiments of twelve companies each, di- vided into three battalions. The enlisted force of two of these regiments, the Twenty-fourth and Twenty-tifth, are colored men. Peace strength of com|ianies, .3 ollicers and Go rank and tile, which may be increased by the Presi- dent by addition of 85 enlisted men per com- pany. regiment in Porto Hico and battalions ill "the Philippines not exceeding 12.000 men, of native trooi>s, with United States olficers, constitute a probationary or provisional force. The National tiuards of the various States, in which enlistment is also voluntary, represent all classes, and are generally well drilled and equipped, forming an excellent line of reserves. Congress determines upon the strength of the army, and has subjected it to radical augmen- tation and similar reduction. At the beginning of the Civil War the regular infantry numlicred about 8000 men; during that war. lasting from I8(il to 180.5, the army toward the dose, includ- ing regulars and volunteers of all arms, aggre- gated over 1.0(10.000 soldiers. In IStili, 45 regi- ments of regulars (infantry) were organized, and in ISCn reduced to 25 regiments. Appointments of ollicers are made: (1) from graduates of the Military Academy; (2) from the ranks after two years' "service, subject to rigid educational examination and antecedents; (."5) from civil life, if vacancies still exi-t. Arms. — Krag-.Iilr- gcnsen and improved Springfield magazine, modi- fieil calibre .30; knife-bayonet, 10.32 pounds; bullet, cuproniekeled steel, 220 grains: Peyton powder, 43 grains; weight of cartridge loaded, 413 grains. Equipment. — Knapsack with cloth- ing (though seldom carried by the soldier), haversack for rations with meat-can. knife, fork, and spoon: canteen of tin. felt covered, for water; blanket rolled in piece of shelter-tent, anil car- ried across the shoulder; cartridges. 80. in woven waist-belt, and usually "0 additional in pockets of coat. The .Ifarch.— Length of pace 30 inches, 120 paces per minute: double time, leu'.'th of pace 3f! inches, 180 paces per minute; 15 to 20 miles per day. Statistics regarding the armies of foreign countries may be found under .rmie.s. Consult: The Uiiiterl St'iles Infanlnj Drill ReffHlatinn.i (Xew York, ISltl); .Terrain, .-irmies of the World (London. ISOO) : Powell. Ci/.s/om.? of the f^rrrire (Kansas City. 1002) : and the vari- ous publications of the War Department, includ- ing Colonial .Xrmt/ fyy.ilnmn (Washington. 1001) ; Ifote.-i on Orijnniznlinn (Washington. 18S6) : Re- jtortx of the flerretani of 'War (Washington, an- nually). Reference shouhl be made to the article on Tacttcs. MlUTART, for a full discussion of infantry tactics, and also to the article Army Orga.mzatiox. The function of infantry in ad- vance guard, outpost, and other work will be found discussed under the appropriate titles. See also the article Armies. INFANTS, Kekoi.no of. The proper food for an infant is naturally its mother's milk. If for any reason, such as absence of milk in the moth- er's breasts, disease or death of the mother, it Ixcouies necessary to look elsewhere for nourish- ment, a wet nurse should be jirocured for the child. If this is impossible or ini|iraclicalile, a substitute must be found for breast-milk. Cow's milk is the most available substitute. Average human milk contains from 3.5 to 4 per cent, of fat. 1.5 per cent, of proteids, and 7 [M-r cent, of sugar. .Average cow's milk has 4 |x>r cent, of fat, 4 per cent, of proteids, and 4 jx-r cent, of sugar, in Kiund numbers. Cow's milk in which the rela- tive proportions of the^e ingredients is so changed that they correspond in amount to the same ingredients of human milk is called "modi- tied niiik.' Various formuhe are prepiired for various ages of bottle-fed children, and these must lie altered to suit the digestive powers of each indiviilual infant. For the first three days
 * ifter hirlh the colostium in the mother's brea-^ls,

if available, is drawn by the child, and besides this a little sugar-water Of ',i pe"" ''^"1- strength is given. From the fourth d.iy a weak milk mi.x- ture should be given, containing 1 per cent, of fat, 0.4 of proteid, and 4.5 of sugar. On the tenth day this is increased to 1.5 per cent, of fat, 0.7 of "proteid, and 5 of sugar. A grailual increase in the strength of the milk mixture is made till when the child is six months ohl it will receive 3 to 3.5 per cent, of fat, 1 to 1.5 of jirotcid, and 7 of sugar. The weight of the child is ascertained every two or ihree days, and its fipcal passages are inspected daily for evitlences of indigestion, and hence reasons for varying the ingredients of the milk mixture. At first, one pint of the modi- fied milk is divided accurately into 10 part-,, luid one part is given to the child every two hours except during the middle of the night. Later, a larger supply is necessary, and the intervals be- tween the feedings arc leni.'thcncd to three hours. In most cities the average milk in the shops is so unreliable that it must lie sterilized to lie safe, thougii the prowss renders it less digestible. Sterilization of milk is done by heating it to 212° V. and keeping it at this temperature for half an hour. Pasteurized milk is heated to 107° F. for iialf an hour. During hot weather if is important that all milk fed to infants be treated by either of these processes. In certain condi- tions of indigestion it may be necessary to rest the stomach from its attempt to digest the pro- teid, and barley water is substituted for milk, liarlev water, made of the strength of two tea- sjioonfuls of barley to the pint of water, contains about 0.7 fier cent, of fat. 3 of proteid, and 2 of carbohydrates. Overfed children are always unhealthy, and sufTer from colic, diarrhiea. and vomitins. In such a ease barley water or simple water may be the best food for twenty-four hours, and a specially modified milk adapted to its use thereafter. M.iny prepared infant foods are on the market. .Some suit certain children; some cause di^tressinir indisestion. and endanger the lives of other children. The physician or experienced child's nurse must be the jiidse of the ii.se of such foods. Consult: .Tacobi. Jnfnnt Ihet (.3d ed.. New York, 1875) ; Holt. Diseases