Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/689

* INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION. 603 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. facts iisc'i'itainod, proper Congressional legisla- tion and aUo uniform State legislation, equitable at once to employer and employee, produeer and consumer. The life of the eomniissiun was lim- ited to two years, but this time was subsequently extended to December 15, 1901, and to February 15, 11)02, successively. 'Ihe work of the commis- sion, owing to the inevitable i)reoccupation of its Congressional members, in their own and in ])ublic allairs, was largely carried on by the Presidential api)ointees, and by specially engaged exjierts. Of the latter m.iy be mentioned: on strikes and arbitration, E. Dana Durand; on labor legislation, Frederic J. Stimson; on trusts and industrial combinations, Jeremiah W. Jenks; on transportation, William Z. Ripley; on agri- culture, John F. Crowell; on immigration, John K. (lommons; on tjixation, Max West; on labor organizations, Charles E. Edgerton. The fact that no equally competent bod}' of men, empow- ered to call for witnesses and dncunuiitary papers, had ever before examined American in- dustrial methods and organizations, together with the fact that the period of prosperity suc- ceeding 1807 brought industrial phenomena into .Tccentuated relief and activity, resulted in the commission's bringing together a great body of new correlated and substantiated <'videnee con- cerning pra?tieally every phase of industrial life. Teslimiiny was taken from nearly 700 witnesses, including heads of trusts, railroads, and mercan- tile establishments, public officials and leaders of trade unions, and in addition the commis- sion eolloeted much valuable hut hitherto scat- tered information from oflieial, national, and State documents, from judicial decisions, and from tlic researches of experts. The Tfcport of Ihc Indunlrial Commission, completed February 10, 1002, and issued as a Government publica- tion, consists of 10 volumes, as follows: Trusts and Industrial Combinations (2 vols.) ; Trust and Cor])oration Laws; Prison Labor, Transportation (two vols.) ; Labor Legislation; Distribution of Farm Products; Capital and Labor in ilanufac- tures and General Business (two vols.) ; Chicago Labor Disputes; Agiiculture and Agricultural Labor; .-Vgriculture and Taxation; Capital and Labor in the Alining Industries; Immigration and Kduralion; Foreign Labor Legislation; La- bor Or;.';uiizations ; Labor Disputes and Arbitra- tion; l!:iilvay Labor; Industrial Cnnibinations in Europe; I'iiial Report — ^Miscellaneous. INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITIONS. Sec Ex- lIIlilTIONS. Lmilstrial. INDUSTRIAL FRUITS. In Scotch law. the . annual ]u-oduce of land wliieli the life-renter is eititled to. For the corresponding doctrine of English and American law, see EmulemexT. INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTIONS. See AcRl- Cri.Tl RAT. I'llICATIOX ; JUVEXIIJ: OFFENDERS. INDUSTRIALISM. A term first applied hy Saint -Siuinii and his followers to the 'modern regime,' but also to the peculiar systems of social organization which they advocated. In his Data of Ethics Spencer uses the term as descriptive of "a theoretically possible form of society purely industrial in its activities." Pure 'industrialism' afcordini; to Spencer would be reached when men were scrupulously honest in the fulfillment of agreements, while yielding "to one another no advantages beyond those agreed upon." The meaning to be attached to the term has Vol. X.— 39. not yet been definitely established. By some it is employed to characterize the modern industrial system in which manufacturing industries pre- dominate; others employ it as a description of modern civilization as opposed to the 'militar- ism' of preceding times. (See Imperialism.) The definition which has been most generally accepted agrees in the main with Spencer's conception. This is exemplilied by the deprecations of the 'industrialism' of modern life, found in literature and religious writings. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. In the lat- ter part of the eighteenth century and the early part of the nineteenth the economic life of Eng- land underwent a great transformation, which has aptly been called the Industrial Revolution. As late as 17G0 the 'open-field' sy.stem (q.v. ) was the prevailing characteristic of British agricul- ture. Even in 1794, when the process of inclos- ing the commons and open fields had been pro- gressing rapidly for a quarter of a century, out of 8500 parishes in England 4500 were still farmed in common. Great stretches of country lay quite unimproved; extensive bogs and heaths were found in all parts of the island. In many coun- ties the miserable crops merely afforded sus- tenance to the agricultural population. The means of transportation were so defective that in one count}' surplus produce went to w'aste, while in an adjoining county scarcity prices pre- vailed. Industry was carried <m by the domestic system, under which the manufacturer or mer- chant put out his materials to be worked up in the laborers' homes at piece wages. Exchange was still carried on largely by means of weekly markets, annual fairs, and through itinerant traders. British foreign trade was, however, in- creasing rapidly, and with the increased demand for goods prices of manufactures rose, affording the means of supporting a larger industrial popu- lation. The increased need for food rendered systematic agriculture more profitable ; and the develojmient of capital diverted much wealth to husbandry. A number of wealthy gentlemen turned their attention to the improvement of stock and the proper treatment of the soil (see AfiRlcVLTURE), and demonstrated that agricul- ture could furnish returns rivaling those of trade, with the result that methods of agriculture were revolutionized. The Continental Avars enhanced the prices of agricultural produce, and gave a great impetus to the ado])tion of the new meth- ods. Between 17G0 and 1843 nearly 7.000.000 acres of land were inclosed and put to intensive tillage. At the same time, the domestic sy.stem in in- dustry was giving way to the factory system, as a result nf the great mechanical inventions. In 1770 Ilargreaves patented the spinning-jenny; the water-frame was invented by Arkwright in 1769; Crompton's mule was introduced in 1779. In 1709 Watt obtained his first patent for an im- provement in the steam-engine, and in 1785 it was successfully applied to the cotton man- ufacture. The effect of these inventions was enormously to increase output, the cotton manu- facture trebling from 1788 to 1802. The iron industry, which nad hitherto been relatively in- significant, and was dwindling to still greater irsignificanre with the destruction of the woods, was revived by the cmploA-ment of pit-coal in smelting, rendered possible by the application of