Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/686

* INDULT. 600 INDUSTBIAL ARBITRATION. Ronmn Imperial codes, and used in canon law to desitTiate an exceptional concession or privi- lege granted hy the Pope li> one or iiiori' persons, 'i'lie U•^t•knll^ examples apply to the privilege allowed in certain eases to kings and other rulers of nominating to bishopries and ei'elesiastical benefices; tlius Francis I. of Friuiee received this power when the Pragmatic .Sanction was abol- ished in l.'51(!. Indults were frequently granted in the iliddle Ages allowing jierpetual non-resi- dence at the same lime that the income was drawn; but this practice was abolished by the Council of Trent, except that eancms who have a record of forty years' irreproachable sirvice are dispensed by indult from further residence in the seat of their chapter. Temporary indults of this nature are frequently granted for absence on important ecclesiastical business. INDTJNO, .■•nMrio no, ('!iroi..mo (1827-91). An Italian painter, born in Milan. He stiidied at the iMilan Academy, and lirsl exhibited in the Paris Salon in 1855. His pictures arc mainlv of military or of humorous genre subjects. They include: "Garibaldi's Soldiers" (1855); "A Vi- vandi&re;" "Dancing Lesson in the Last Cen- tury;" "A Souvenir of Rome;" and "The Musi- cians." IN'DTIS (Lat.. from Gk. 'IvSoj, from Skt. Hind- hti, river). The great river that bounds India on the west, separating it from Afghanistan and Baluchistan (Map: India, A 3). It is over 1800 miles long, and the drainage area of its basin is estimated at 372.000 sipiare miles. It rises 50 miles southeast of Gartok. an impor- tant trading centre in Tibet, its source being 15,- 000 feet above the level of the sea, on the north side of Kailas, a Himalayan peak, 22,fKXl feet high. Its general course, till it forces its way between the Himalava pr(ii>cr and the Hindu Kush, is toward the northwest. It flows past Leh, the <apital of Ladak ; re<'eivcs the waters of its inipiirlant Trans-Himalayan tributary, the Shyok. from the north; and after a descent of 1 1,000 feet in a coirse of .500 miles, through some of the grandest mountain scenery of the world, about (iO miles below Iskardo bends sharply southward, above the eonfliience of the Gilgit. It flows past Bunji. on the Ka.shmir-Kohistan border, and 20 miles below takes a western course to Kotgata. where again it turns south- ward, and at Darband emerges from the Kohis- tan Mountains into the plains of the Punjab. It becomes navigable at AttiK-k (ancient taxila). the .scene of Alexander the Great's passage, 870 miles from its source. Here it receives the Kabul River (q.v.), its chief affluent on the right. Continuing past T)era Ismail Khan. Dera Ghazi Khan, and other minor towns, near Mi- thankot, about midway in its further course of 040 miles to the Arabian Sea, it receives the waters of the Chenab, the Ghara, the .Thelum, tlu? Ravi, the Beas, and the Sutlej, through the Panjnad (literally 'five rivers,' which gives its name to the Punjab). Each of these rivers, as well as the Kabul, is practicable for inland craft to the mountains. Below the confluence of the Panjnad the vol- ume of the Indus, past Sakkar and Hyderabad, l>ecomes gradually less. Through the arid, rain- less, aiiuvial plain of Sindh iti divides into nu- merous channels, many of which do not return to the main stream, while others return much shrunken in volume. This wasting of the waters is not very app;irent to the eye, owing to the gradual slackening of the current and the ascent of the tiih's. .liani, 8 miles north of Hyderabad and 75 miles from the sea, is the head of the delta which extends for 130 miles along the coast of the Arabian Sea. The chief outlets of the Indus are the Kori, Mai, and Vatlio mouths. The annual rise of the river, owing to the melt- ing of the mountain snows, extends from May to August, and is often attended by considerablo inundations and changes of the deltjiic channels, chiefly owing to the I'normous anuiunt of sand and clayey silt brought down by the lurrent. ^lodeni engineering has done mudi to obviate the inconveniences caused. The value of the Indus as a navigable route of traflic, never con- siderable, has been lessened since the building of railways through its valley from Karachi to Attock, and navigation is now confined to na- tive craft. In a hot dinuite, where precipita- tion is almost nil. the river is more important as a means of irrigatinn. and the various works toward this end inaugviratcd by the Hritish (Jov- ernment nave led to a ri'm;ukable agricultural development throughout Sindh. The river is spanned by several modern bridges, of which the chief is the huge cantilever bridge at Sakkar, and the northernmost an inm sus|K'nsion bridge above Bunji. Kish of excellent qualit.v abound in its waters, and form the staple article of com- merce and food of the surrounding country. The gavial, or long-snouted alligator, is the amphibi- ous reptile of the river. The Indus is the 'King River' of Vcdic puctry. INDUSIUM, indu'sliI-Om or -zhi-iim (Lat., tunic). lu fenis, a flap-like outgrowth which covers the sorus or group of spore-cast's (spo- rangia). Indusia are exceedingly varied in structure, and furnish characters for classifica- tion. Occasionally the sporangia are developed along the leafy margin which inrolls to cover them, as in the maidenhair fern and the common bracken. In this case the inrolled leaf-margin is spoken of as a 'false indusiuni.' Sec Fern. INDUSTRIAL ACCESSION. A phrase bor- rowcil by the Scotrli from the Roman law to denote the increased value given to a thing by labor and skill bestowed upon it. See Acces- sion; I'lXTtT.K. INDUSTRIAL ARBITRATION AND CONCILIATION. M(Ml_ern industrj', with its sharp distinction between employer and cni- ploved, and its rapidly changing methods of pro- duction and conditions of emplovment, has given rise to a new class of disputes, which all'cct vital- ly not onh' the parties immediately concerned, but the general public as well. These disputes lie for the most part be.vond the ])rovinee of courts of justice, and therefore an imperative need has ari.sen for a new form of tribunal to which they ma.v be referred. To meet this need, boards of arbitration, otTicial or unofTicial, have been organized in all of the leading countries of the world. A preliminary function of these organs of industrial arbitration is what is usuall.v termed rnnciliiilinn. Before a dispute can be arbitrated it is necessary that the facts in the case should be investigated and placed in their true light. When industrial disputes result from mere mis- understandings — and it is safe to afTirm that a