Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/650

* INDIAN ART. 568 INDIAN EMPEEOR. produce an unparallolcd cfToct of splendor. Here especially is I'ersian inlluenco preduniinant. Tlio ])otter was also the ima-.'fiiiaki'r, prodminj; in- numerable painted ilay lif.'uiines, mainly nf the gods, to lie worshiped in families and shrines. Mktal-Work. Among the branches of artistic metal-work that of the arms and equipment of the srcat chieftains is prominent. The ISuddhist, Hindu, and Jaina sculptures show liow antique are many of the forms still in recent use, but of actual works that are preserved the finest dn not date back of the great .Mahratta warriors. There are two main schools, the ]Iin<lu and the Persian. The Punjab and Kajputana were among the main centres of the art. .-V com|)aris<)n of the tliree gieat schools of the mediicval Orient shows that the most delicate and simple was the .-Vrab, with its fine filigree work; richer and more highly c<d- ored was the Persian with its damaskeening, enameling, and carving: but richest of all was the Indian, which indeed sinned, jK-rliaps, liv excess of decoration, breaking the outlines and color s(heme by high relief, hammered and cut poldwork, and a multitude of gems. The collec- tion of King Edward has the finest examples of damaskeened suits, of crusading blades carved in relief, and of early matchlocks. The use of carved ivory often gives added brilliancy. Dia- monds, rubies, and emeralds are the principal stones used, and the designs are largely floral. The collection of the India Museum ranks next to that of King Edward. Of the chieftains' swords valued as heirlooms and State possessions the finest .ire those of Swaji, Sultan Chand, and Polygar Katabomma Xaik. Damaskeening in gold and silver wire is a process probably imported during the Middle Ages into India from Persia and Syria. It is practiced in Kashmir, the Punjab, and the Xizam's dominions, though originally of wider i;se. The ornamentation is in floral patterns, either naturalistic (Bider) or conventional (Purniab). The boxes, bowls, vases, and caskets with this decoration often equal the best Moham- n'.edan work of Egv-pt and Persia, and are among the most harmonious of Indian industrial works for form and wellcomposcd ornament. The re- lief work in metal is less chaste and admirable, whether in brass, copper-gilt, bronze, or the prc- cioiis metals, where the high relief technique and human and animal figures are often used. The gold and gilt work, however, is nsuall.v exquisite. The oldest examples are Hud<lhist pieces found in the Punjab and Afghanistan with Greco- Roman characteristics. The later work in chased parcel-gilt and gold sometimes pierced, especially that of Kashmir, is beautiful in shape, the gold being often given a ruddy hue or olive-brown. Lucknow, Dacca. Cutch. and Gujarat have been famous goldsmith centres. Images or idols of gold and silver, brass and copper, or of an elaborate alloy, have always been profusely )i«ed in private houses for wor- ship. Some are of gold, as those of Krishna and Saraswat; others of silver, as those of Shitala; others of copper, such as those of Surj'a and the serpent Xaga. The larger figures are always cast and finished by hand. E^"A^rEL. The art of enameling in cliampleri is still practiced in greatest perfection at .Jaipur in Rajputana, tmique for the beauty of its ruby reds, coral reds, emerald greens, and tiirquoise and sapphire blues. Somewhat less perfect are the products of the schools of Lucknow, Benares, and Lahore. Indian enamels arc combined re- markably with precious stones. Transparent enamels are used with success, and Bomctimes a thin plate of gold cut in elaborate scenes of fig- ures and ornamentation and etched with a graver is su|)erposed over an enamel ground melted on a gold back. WovE.N Fakbics. The brocades, embroideries, woven tissues, laces, tiipestries, and tlic like, hO long one of the greatest prides nf India, have suf- fered more than any other branch of art industry. The most sumptuous brocades eome fruni .hnir- dabad. Benares, and Jlurshidabad. The gold em- broidered velvets for state canopies, hnusing-. and caparisons are especially rich. But their de- signs are not as purely Oriental a.s are those of the appliquf-work on cloth and the early rugs and carpets with their Persian compositions of birds and animals. The jail industry and the so-called schools of industry have done even mure than the rush orders from Euroiie to degrade the quality^ — both material and artistic — of India carpets. liini.ioGRAPnr. An excellent general view of Indian art is given by Le Bon, Lcs civilinalioiii dr. I'lndc (Paris, 1887). For architecture, con- sult: Lcs monuments dc I'hide (Paris, 189.3), by the same author: Fergusson, Hislori/ of Indian and Eastern Architecture (London, 18!>!l) : Fer- gisson and Burgess, Cave Temples of India (ib., 1880) ; ArehwiAoiiieal .S'l/rici/ of India, pulili-lied by the Government (ib.. 1874-1001). Sculpture is well analyzed by Captain Cole, Catalogue to the Objects of Indian Art in South Kensinqlon Museum (London, 1874) ; Birdwood. The Indus- trial Arts of India (London, 1880), is the best authority on the minor arts. For the jewelr.v, see Baden-Powell. Maniifaclurcs and Arts of the I'un- j,ih (Lahore. 1872). INDIANA UNIVERSITY. A coeducational institution of Jearning, situated at Bloomington, Ind. It was founded in 1820 as Indiana Semi- nary, and was rechartered as a university in 18.38. The university is an integral part of the State public school system, and admits pupils from commissioned high schools without exami- nation. It maintains a professional school of law, and confers the degrees of bachelor of arts, bachelor of laws, master of arts, and doctor of philosophy. Xo honorary degrees are conferred. The university has a biological station on Winona Lake. The summer school, formerly privately conducted, is now a part nf the university. The elective system was introduced in ISS.i. In 1902 the faculty numbered 70. and the attendance was 1334, including 104 in the law school. .t the same time the university had grounds and build- ings valued at $400,000. an endowment fund of SCOO.OOO, and an annual income of $165,000. The library contains 43.000 volumes. , INDIAN BADGER, Buffalo, etc. See Bad- GEit; Bril'Al.O: etc. INDIAN BIBLE. . Algonquin version of , the Bible made by .Tohn Eliot (1661-63). This translation was the earliest version of the Bible to appear in America. INDIAN CORN. Sec Maize. INDIAN CRESS. See Tbop.eoi.T'M. INDIAN EMPEROR. The. or. The Cox- quest OF Mexico by the Spaniaeds. A tragedy