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* INDIA. 554 INDIA. Indians (London, 1889) ; Taylor, The Oriyin of tilt Aryans (London, 1889) ; Crooke, Ethno- graphical llandbuok of the orlhucstvrn Prov- wees and OhJA (.ilaliabad, 1890) ; Kisley, Tribes and Casles of licntjal (Calcultu, 18'.)1-!J2) ; Op- pert, On the Original Inhahilonls of ISharata- larsa or India (London, 1894) ; Hewitt, The fivling Races of Prehistoric Times in India, Houthweslem Asia, and Southern Europe (London, 1894-95) ; Crooke. Trilws ami Castes of the Xorlh- u-estern Provinces anil Oiullt (Calcutta. ISilfl). History. Mill, llisturij of liritisl, Imliii. edited by Wilson (London, 18.")8), the standard liistory; Elliott. Histurii of India ns Told h;/ lis Oirn His- torians (8 vols.. Loncliin. 18(19-7"). especially for Jlolianimedan rule; Klpliinstone. llislury of India (London, 1866). an authority for the Alogul Kni- piie; Wheeler, History of India from the Earliest Ages (4 vols., London. 1874-76) : Trotter. History of India Vndrr Qwen 'irlorin (London. 1887) ; Hunter, The Indian Eiiiiiire, lis History, People, and Products (London, ISO.'t) : id.. Hisloiy of Dritish India, vols. i.ii. (London. 1S99-1!)00) ; Kccne, HiMory of India ( Londim. 1893). The best authority for the period before the Moham- medan invasion is Lassen. Indische Allerlums- kunde (Bonn, 1844-61). much enlarged in the second edition, of which only two volumes ap- peared (ib.. 1867-74). Consult, also: Mitra, The Indo Aryans (Calcutta, 1881): Dutt. .1 History of Cirili::atiou in Ancient India (.3 vols.. Cal- cutta, 1889-90) ; Weher. Die dricchen in Indien (Berlin. 1890) : JleCrindlc, Invasion of Alex- ander the Great (London, 1896). For the Mo- hammedan period may be suggested: Keene. The Turks in India (London, 1879) ; id.. The Pall of the Mofiul Empire of Hindustan (London, 1887) : Bayley. Local .}tohammcdan Dynasties of India. (London, 1886) ; Lane-Poole, History of the Moghul Emperors of Hindustan. Illustrated hy Their Coins (London. 1892) : id.. Mcdio'viil India Under Mohammedan Rule (New York, 1902): for the Mahraftas. Orant-DufT. History of the Mahraltas (London. 1826). For other intrusive elements. Malleson, The French in India (Lon- don, 1868) ; Danvers. The Portuguese in India (London, 1804) : Mcndez, .1 India portugueza (Lisbon. 1800) : Seth. History of the Armenians in India (Calcutta. 189.')) : and for British rule, Mahon, Hise of our Indian Empire (London, 1858) ; Orlich. Indien uml seine Regierung (Leip- zig. 18.59 61): Torrens. Empire in India: Bow We Came by It (London. 1872) ; Hunter (ed.), Kulers of India (London, 1890 et seq.) ; Lyall, Rise of the British Dominion in India (London, 1893) ; Bose, History of Hindu Civilization Dur- ing lirilish Rule (Calcutta. 1894-96) ; Frazer, British India (London, 1896) : Lyall. Rise and Expansion of British Dominion in India (Lon- don. 1896) : Crawford, Our Troubles in Poona and the Deccan (London, 1897) ; Roberts, Forty- one Years in India from Subnilcrn to Commander- in-chief (London. 1807) : Inness, The Sepoy Re- rolt (London. 1897): Gough and Inness. The Sikhs and the .S'lA-Zi War (Lon.lon. 1897) ; Jlal- leson. History of the Indian Mutiny (6 vols., London, 1899) ; Aubin. I.es Anglais aux Indes et en Egi/pte (Paris. 1890) : Morison, Imperial Rule in India (London. 1890) ; Warburton. Eighteen Tears in the Khyber, 1S~9-9S (London, 1900). INDIA, French. Possessions of France in India, comprising the five towns of Pondicherrv. Chandernagar, Karikal, MahC', and Yanaon (see these respective titles), with a total area of abuut 196 scjuare miles. Population, in 1901, 275,094. For liistory, see under F.ast I.nuia Co.MI'ANY, section French East India Company; Clivk; DiPLEix; and La Bolkdonnais. INDIA, Flbtiier, or Farther. See Indo- Clll.NA. INDIA, Native States of. The native States III India consist of over 600 States, which do not come under the administrative system of British India, but have varying degrees of indepenileiict, and arc mostly governed by native princes. Many of the States are quite small, but some are very large. The total area is 679,393 square miles, with a population of 62,461,549. It is note- worthy that, excepting Travancore, these Stales are located in the interior of the country. The population is very heterogeneous. In many of the States the ruler belongs to a minority or alien race and religion. The early policy of the East India Company was to make alliances with the different States, recognizing the native princes as its equals. The plan di<l not prove satisfactory, as it was im- ])o.ssihle to preserve harmony while the native princes were not subject to more positive re- straint. The policy was then introduced of rec- ognizing them as subordinates, and limiting their military forces, the British themselves guaran- teeing protection, and taking charge of the ex- ternal relations of these States. In the middle of the nineteenth centurj' the policy of annexa- tion was followed for a short time — Oudh, for example, being annexed in 1856. But since the Sepoy Mutiny (1857) the policy has iM'cn to allow the States to enjoy a share of independ- ence under native rulers. The extent to which the British authority is exercised over the na- tive States varies greatly t)etween different .States and at different times in the .same Stjtte. They are not permitted to make wars or to receive for- eign consuls. The commercial treaties made by the British embrace also the native States, their interests being recognized as identical with those of the provinces. The guaranty of protection implies the right to establish such military forces within tlie native territories as the pur- poses of defense demand, and to have control of railroads and telegraph lines which are not 'lo- cal,' i.e. do not begin and end within the States. Each State is thus protected from external at- tack and internal revolt, and a large local army is not necessary. Since the peace of the Empire is in danger of being broken by disputes over the Ruec<'ssion to the rulership in any State, or the rule of certain candidates may be deemed jircjudicial to the Imperial welf.ire. the British may intercede to determine .vho the successor shall be. and no one to whom they object can be advanced to the chieftaincy. If flagrant and intolerable instances of misrule arise, the right of interference is pre- sumed to follow as a further consequence from the rflle the Imperial Government plays as guar- antor of th-:" protection of the States' gereral wel- fare. Under special circumstances, as, for in- stance, the murder of a British commissioner, the British have resorted to some extraordinary meth(Kls of interference. But ordinarily in the important States the rulers are given a free hand in determining the State policy and execut-