Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/597

* INDEX. 523 INDEX KEWENSIS. Three terms are applied by anthropologists to beads, according to tliese measures. Those liaving cephalic indexes with a ratio below 80 arc called dolichocephalic, those between 80 and 82 are raesocephalic, and those above 82 are brachy- ■cephalic. For crania, or skulls of the dead, the indexes are about two points lower. In the nu- merous cases where a finer subdivision is neces- sary, a quinary method of nomenclature is fol- lowed, the Germans adopting a series called the Frankfort Agreement, the French, the scheme of Broca, modified by Deniker, as follows: Dolichocephals below Sub-dolichocephals. ... I 75 - 77.6 Mesocephals "7 • 7-79 . 9 Sub-brachycenhals .... 80 - 83.2 Brachycephals 83.3-84.9 Hyper-brachycephals... 85 and upward Cephalic index Dolichocephalic skulls of exceptional length have reached an index of 58, the lowest limit, while brachycephalic examples have gone as liigh as 90 or'cven 100. Before proceeding to other indexes it should be stated that the cranial and cephalic indexes just described are far from being a perfect guide to the classification of mankind, for the subdi- visions of the human species have no governing rule aTid are not subspecies, but separate varieties and mixtures, as with domestic animals. Again, the ratio between the width and the length of the skull does not give complete infor- mation as to its shape. The measurements, there- fore, lead to uncertain conclusions, since precisely the same figures would be obtained from crania or heads of widely different cross-section, so that one having an almost rectangular shape, an oval with a narrow end far in front, and a long ellipse ■would lead to the same index. Unless a large number of skulls among the same people are meas- ured and give something like a uniform result, the measurements are an unsafe guide. Very little good arises from simply adding a number of indexes and dividing by a number of observa- tion.s. The average result might be a number to ■which not a single head in the whole series meas- ured would correspond. It is customary, there- fore, to tabulate results by coordinates. Fre- quently, when such a plan is pursued there arise several apexes, as in Italy, the higher number representing the brachycephalic Xorthern Italians ■with Celtic blood in their veins, and the lower • number the Southern long-headed Mediterranean type. The cranial and cephalic indexes are not pre- cisely coordinated with purely descriptive char- acteristics of the human body. It cannot be said that any one of the subspecies of man is either dolichocephalic or brachycephalic, but tendencies toward one or the other exist, as the following table of cephalic indexes shows: Caroline Islanders f black) 69.4 Kashmirians (yellow-white) 72.2 Bakoneo fblack) 72.5 Hindus ("white, mixed) 72.8 Karaya Indians. South . ieripa (red) 73.0 Australians (straiRht-haired blacks) 74.2 Norwegian.s (blondes) 76.0 Corsicans (wh'te) -.76 6 Spaniards of Valencia 76 . S British Isles 77-79 Parsis of Bombay (white) 82 . Koreans (yellow) 80.6 Malays (brown) 82.8 Vol. ..— 34. Negritos, Philippines (black) 84.7 .■rawaks, Guiana (red) 82.6 Sara.s, Chad-basin, ^udan (black) 82.4 Samoanie ( brown mixed) 83 . 7 Votyaks (yellow) 82.0 Walloons (white) 82.2 Italians (white) 82.7 .rmeiiians (white) 85.6 Picdmontese (white) 85.9 ■Sudanese ( brown ) 86 . 3 Savoyard? (white) 86.9 Tahitians (brown) 85.6 Aleuts (red) 87.8 Magyars (mixed) 87.8 Burmese (yellow) 85 . 7 Aissor. Transcaucasian (white-yellow) 88 . 7 Among tlie European whites the people of the British Isles are mesocephalic; of France the index is 78-88; of Italy, 75-87; of Spain, 77-80; Switzerland, 76-85, with two types, the long and the short head; Austria, 80-84. Otlier indexes than those expressing the relation of width to length are also employed. The facial inde.x is the ratio of the width to the height, from the glabella to the alveolar border, and separates skulls into brachyfacial and dolichofacial. The ratio of width to length in the orbital orifice sep- arates crania into megasemes (90 and upward), mesosemes (89 to 84 ), and microsemes ( below 84 ). The nasal index is the ratio between the width of the bony mass of the nose and its height, giving rise to leptorhine, or narrow-nosed, platy- rhine, or flat-nosed, with the intermediate term, mesorhine. The dental index is based upon the importance which naturalists place on dentition in the classification of mammals. Upon the ratio of the size of the teeth to related parts. Flower divides men into megadont, mesodont, and micro- dont ; and this series bears a surprising relation to the three anthropometric types of man — Ne- groid, ilongoloid, Caucasoid. Scheme of Principal Cl-^ssifications According to Indexes ( Dolichocephalic, long skulls. Skull - Slesocephalic, medium skulls. I Brachycephalic, broad skulls. ( Leptorhine. narrow noses. Nose - Mesorhine. medium noses. ( Platyrhine, flat or broad noses. ( Megaserae, round eyes. Eyes -: Mesoseme, medium eyes. f Microseme, narrow eyes. ( Megadont. large teeth. Teeth -i Mesodont. medium teeth. I .Iicrodont, small teeth. Jaws Face ( Orthognathic, straight or vertical jaws. - Mesognathic, medium jaws. ( Prognathic, projecting jaws. ChamEeprosopic. low or broad face. Mesoprosopic. medium face. " eptoprosopic. narrow or high face. ( Platypellic. broad pelvis. Pelvis < Slesopellic. medium pelvis. ( Leptopellic, narrow pelvis. Consult: Roberts. Manual of Anthropometry (London, 1878) ; Toriik. Grundziige einer sys- icni'itiachen Kraniometrie (Stuttgart, 1890) ; Deniker, Races of .l/nn (London, 1900) ; Livi, Antropometria (Milan, 1900) ; Boas, Stone's }[easurcments of Xatires of the Xorth-West Ter- ritory (Xew York. 1901). INDEX EX PURGATO'RIUS. See Ixdex. INDEX KEWENSIS. A reference book of the names of flowering plants, accepted as au- thoritative throughout the world. It was con- ceived by Darwin, who. having experienced dilli- eulty in definitely identifying many of the plant