Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/596

* INDEX. 522 INDEX. indcxers. II. B. Whontloy's Hotc to Make an Jiu dex (London, 1902) is enlfitnininjr ri-uding and valuable in suggestion, ll contains the rules of the Knglish Index Society. The. ierican Librarj- Association's List of tiulject Headings for Use in Dictionary Cataloys, Cutter's Uiilis for a Die- tionari/ Valulogiie (Washington, 18'Jl), and vari- ous articles referred to under Index and Indexing in Poole's Index to I'eriudieal Lilernlure are also useful. . stud}' of well made indexes and criti- cism of poor ones will aid materially. INDEX, in mathematics. See Expoxe.nt. INDEX (more fully Index Librorim Pbo- iiiniroHisi). A catalogue published by Papal authority in the Roman Catholic Church of books the reading of which is prohibited to members of that Church, whether on doctrinal, moral, or religious grounds. . natural conseciuence of the claim of the Church to authority in matters of religion is the right or the duty of watching over the faith of its members, and of guarding it against every danger of corruption from books believed to be injurious to faith or to morality. The earliest recorded exercise of this restrictive authority is the prohibition of the Thalia of Arius; and a council of Carthage, in tlie year 398, issued, even for bishops, a similar ])rohibi- tion of Gentile books, although it permitted to them the reading of the works of heretics. The earliest example of a prohibitory catalogue is found in the decree of a council held at Rome (491), under Pope Gelasius, which, having enu- merated the canonical books of Scripture and other approved works, recites also the ajxicryphal books, together with a long list of heretical au- thors, whose writings it prohibits. The medite- val popes and councils pursued the same course as to the heterodox or dangerous writings of their respective periods, and the multiplication of such books after the invention of printing led to a more stringent as well as more systematic procedure. Henry Vlll. of England published a list of prohibited broks in l.rifl. and a larger one (containing 85 titles) in I.i29, in which year Charles V. published for the Xetherlands his most noteworthy edict against dangerous read- ing, with a long list, which was included in that issued by the university press of l.ouvain in l.'i-lfi. and again in 1.5.50. Similar lists appeared by authority at Venice. Paris, and Cologne, and Paul IV. issued in 1.5.57 and 1.559 what may he regarded as properly the first Roman Index. One of the gravest undertakings of the Council of Trent was a complete and authoritative enumera- tion of all those hooks the use of which it was expedient to prohibit to the faithful. A commit- tee was appointed for the purpose, and had made great progress in the work : but it was found im- possible to bring the examination of the hooks to an end before the close of the council, and all the papers of the committee were handed over by the council to the Pope. When the work was com- pleted, the result, known as the Tridmtine Index, ■was issued with the bull Doyniniei Greqin Cvs- iodiam, by Pius IV. in 1.504. From this time the burning of dangerous books fell into disuse, and the Church contented herself with warning her children against their use, under penalty of purely ecclesiastical censure. Further additions and certain modifications of the rules of this Index were made by Sixtus V., Clement VIII., Alexander VII., and Benedictine XIV. It was republished in 1595, and, with the addition of .such books as from time to time it was deemed expedient to proliibit, in several subsequent edi- tions, the most remarkable of which are those of Brasichelli (Rome, l(i07) ; Quiroga, Index Libra- rani Expurgandorum (Salamanca, lUOl); and Sotonuiyor, Sovissimus Index (Madriil, 1048). Jn the int»-rvals between the editions, the dccrci's which make further additions to the Index are published at Rome and circulated in the variou.s countries. The iatcst edition of the Index is by Leo XIII. (Turin, 1895). The prohibitions of the Roman Index are of two classes, either absolute and total, or partial and provisional, until the books shall have been corrected. The edition of l^uiroga, mentioned above, gives a list of the latter class, known «-> Index Kxpurgatorius. The ground of the prohibi- tion may l>e either the author-liip of the wurk. or its subject, or both together. L'ndcr the first head are prohibited all the writings of heresi- arehx — i.e. the first founders of heresies — no mat- ter wh.at ma' be the subject. Under the second head are prohibited all books confessedly im- moral, and all books on nuigic, necromancy, etc. Under the third are prohibited all l)ooks of heretical authorship treating on doctrinal sub- jects; all versions of the IJible by heretical au- thors; and all books, no matter by whom written, which contain statements, doctrines, or insinua- tions prejudicial to the Catholic religion. The preparation of the Index, in the first instance, was conunitted to the care of the Congregation of the Inquisition in Rome; but a special Con- gregation of the Index was established by Pius v., and more fully organized by Si.xtus V. This congregation consists of a prefect (who is always a cardinal), of consulters. and of examiners of books (/iiialifieatorex) . Its proceedings are gov- erned 1)V rules which have been authoritatively laid down by several popes, especially by Bene- dict XIV.. in a constitution issued July 10, 1753, which is the best and most authentic exposition of a subject on which much misconception exists. The edition of the Index by Brasichelli was re- printed, with an English preface, by Richard Gibbings (Dublin. 1S.'?7). By far the "most elab- orate study of its contents is by F. II. Reusch, Der Index der terhotencn liiicher (2 vols.. Bonn, 1.S8.3-S5). The same author also reprinte<l all accessible indices of the sixteenth centurj' in the liihiiothck dex fylullfiarter litterarischen Vereins, vol. clxxvi. (Stuttgart, 1880). INDEX, CEPnALic. Cranial. Pelvic, etc. A tenn employed by anthropologists to mark the proportions of certain related parts of the human body, especially of the head or cranium, in order to distinguish biological varieties in mankind. The most important of these, and the easiest to obtain, is the ratio of the width of the head to the length, called cranial index for the skull, and cephalic index for the living subject. To avoid the decimal point at tlie beginnin? of the index, the width of the skull is multiplied by 100 and divided by the length, the formula being thus —- — = I. The extreme length is between the Ll glabella and the most prominent portion of the occiput, and the width is the greatest breadth, wherever that may be. .Ml appliances necessary for these measurements arc a set of calipers and a rule, in centimeters or in inches.