Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/592

* IND. 518 INDEPENDENT CATHOLIC CHURCH. IND. A poetical furiii of India. INDEBITATUS ASSUMP'SIT. See As- 8V.MrslT. INDEMNITY (from Fr. indcmnitc, from Lat. indcnuiitas, suciirily from loss or damage, from indimnis, unliurt, from in-, not + damnum, less). An engagement, either e.xpress or implieU, to make good a loss or exijendilure. It is not a guaranty within the fourth section of the Statute of Frauds (q.v.), which requires a spe- cial promise to answer for tlic debt or default of another to bv in writing. Wlicn the indemni- tor ix'rforms his engagement he may in so doing pay the debt of another, but the discharge of such debt is not wliat lie ])romises to do; it is a mere accident of the situation. At times the engage- ment takes the form of a bond or other writing; but more frequontly it is implied from the acts of the parties. Whenever a i>erson asks another to become surety for liim, the law implies the promise by the ])rineipal debtor to indemnify the surety for any loss that he may sustain by acceding to the request. So if two or more per- sons become co-sireties, there is an implied en- gagement on the part of each to indemnify the other to the extent of his share of the common loss. Fire an<l marine insurance policies are contracts of indemnity, the obligation of the in- surer being not to pay the anioimt of the policy in any event, but only to save the insured harm- less from loss in the event insured against. See l.NSiRANCE. I'onsult the authorities referred to under (Jiaranty. INDENTED (from indent, OF., Fr. endcnter. It., ML. indcntare, to notch, from Lat. in, in + dens, tooth). In heraldry, one of the partition lines of the shield notched similarly to dancett6 (q.v.), but with the notches much smaller, and not limited in number. See Heraldry. INDENTURE. Sec Deed. INDEPENDENCE. A city and the county- seat of Uuchanan County. Iowa. G!) miles west of Dubuque; on the Wapsijiinicon River, and on the Illinois Central and the Rock Island railroads (Jlap: Iowa, F 2). It is in a farming and dairy- ing region, and is noted for its horse-breeding farms. There are here the well-known Rush Park, with its kite-shaped racetrack, the State Insane Hospital for Xorthem Iowa, and a public library. The water-works and electric-light plant are owned bv the city. Population, in 1890, 3103: in 1900. 3056. INDEPENDENCE. A city and the county- seat of llontgomery County, Kan.. 85 miles southwest of Fort Scott; on the Verdigris River, and on the Missouri Pacific and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Ff- railroads (Map: Kansas, G 4). It has a public library and a fine court- house. The city is of considerable importance as a distributing point for an agricultural region, and has flour-mills, planing-mills, cracker-fac- tories, cotton-mills, paper-mills, sugar-mills, a •window-glass factory, vitrified-brick works, and a creamery. Xatiiral-gas and oil wells are nu- merous in the vicinity. Population, in 1890, 3127: in 1000. -tsil. INDEPENDENCE. A city and the countv- seat of .Jackson County, Mo., five miles east of Kansas City: on the Chicago and Alton, the Missouri Pacifie. and the Kansas City and Inde- pendence Air Line railroads (Map*: Missouri, B 2). It is rapidly developing into a residential suburb of Kansas Lily. The Kansas City Liidies' College and f>aint Mary's Academy are private schools situated here, and there is a |mblic library. The industrial establishments include a largo llouringmill, a planingniill, a canning factory, ami scale-works. Independence was settled and incorporated in 1S27, and was organized as a third-class city in 1880, the charter of that year still being in operation, and providing fiir a mayor, elected biennially, and a unicameral coun- cil. The electric- light plant is owned by the city. Population, in 1890, C380; in 1900, C974. Inde- pendence was occupied in 1831-38 by the Mor- mons, who regard the city as the 'Zioii' wherci the chief Mormon temple will be ultimately erected on the famous 'Tcmide lot.' About 2000 mem- liers of the Rcorgiinized Church of .lesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, which disclaims belief in polygamy, now live in this vicinity. In 1849-50 Independence was a rendezvous and a starting- point for emigrants to California, two of the great trails leading from here westward. In the summer of 1802, during the Civil War, a Federal garrison of 312 under Lieute?iant-Colonel Buel was ca])tured here by a superior Confederate force under Colonel Hughes, and here on October 22, 1804. Oeneral Pleasanton attacked and de- feated the rear of General Price's Confederate Army. INDEPENDENCE, Declaration of. Sco Declaration of Indkpexdexce. INDEPENDENCE DAY. July Fourth, the United States national holiday. INDEPENDENCE HALL. An unpreten- tious brick liuihiing in Chestnut Street, Phila- delphia, erected in 1729-34. and intimately con- nected with the birth of the nation. In it the Continental Congress met, Washington was made commander-in-chief of the American Army in 1775, and the Declaration of Independence was adopted on .July 4. I77C, and read to the people assembled in the street. It is now a museum of Revolutionarj- and historical relics. INDEPENDENT CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE UNITED STATES, The (Polish). . independent Church organized among the Polish immigrants in Chicago, with the hope of staying the progress of agnosticism among citi- zens of Polish descent who h.id become disaffected toward the Roman Catholic Church. Its founder, the Rev. Anthony Kozlowski, attended one of the Old Catholic conferences in EUrope. and was there consecrated a bishop. A steady growth is atrirmed of the Church, both in the consciousness of actual reformatory tendencies, and in numbers of adherents and strength of organization. Tt has established a hospital, a dispensary, an orphanage, and a Home for the Aged in Chicago, and has acquired a considerable property: pri- mary, a grammar, high, and industrial schools have been established, with a college enterprise under way. AH these schemes are connected, and form integral parts of a central philanthro- pic institution, called Saint Anthony's Home. In October, 1902. Bishop Kozlowski addressed a let- ter to the House of Bishops of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States asking for intercommunion. The subject was referred to a committee for consideration. The estimates of members in the Church vary. A careful computa-