Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/583

* IMPUTATION. 509 INAMA-STERNZGG. notes the transference of the merit, in a legal sense, of punishment or reward. The two problems in connection with which the terra is used are those offered by the uni- versal prevalence of sin in the world, and by the forgiveness of men, which the New Testament teaches is for Christ's sake. The former problem arose in coimection with the Pelagian contro- versies in the time of Augustine ( see Pelagiam- ISM ; Pelagii's; Aigustixe) : the latter in connection with the controversies of the Refor- mation. The Scriptures teach some connection between Adam's sin and the sinfulness of all men (cf. Rom. v. 12). Augustine explained it by a theory of realism, that men sinned in Adam. Calvinism taught that Adam's sin was imputed to his posterity, so that they were treated as i/ they had committed it, being held to the consequences of it in the form of disorder of nature, and actual sin resulting therefrom. In the course of time several varieties of imputa- tion were distinguished, immediate, mediate, etc. This phraseology- was supposed to be derived from the scriptural usage, but no like use can b.-? found in the Scriptures. Properly understood, it conveys erroneous ideas, and may be al- lowed as one of the standard forms of theo- logical expression. But it has the disadvan- tage of being a purely external, forensic form of statement, and of neglecting the ethical elements of the doctrine. In respect to the forgiveness of sinners for Christ's sake, imputation was orig- inally applied by the Church of the Reformation only to Christ's passive obedience, or suffering on the cross: and when this was said to be imputed to us, nothing more was meant than that we are forgiven for Christ's sake. Later, by that scholastic tendency which always dominates in the period of systemization. distinction was made between the passive and the active obedience of Christ or His obedience to the law. and this was also said to be imputed to the sinner in the act of justification. A new connotation was insensi- bly added to the word impute, and it was sup- posed that only that could be imputed to one which he did not have. Thus the Westminster Confession finally went so far as to say that faith itself is not imputed to believers as 'their right- eousness,' although it is said in Rom. iv. 3 that Abraham's faith was imputed to him for righteousness. The distinction is correct if it be understood that faith is not imputed as the ground of their forgiveness, which ground is the work of Christ. This is the indubitable mean- ing of the Confession. But it is as certainly the meaning of the Epistle to the Romans that faith, since it involves complete and loving submission to God's will, is of the essence of righteousness. Modem theology, even when of Calvinistic de- scent and in sympathy with the truths which Cal- vinism sought to formulate and defend, professes to emphasize the internal and ethical aspects of the doctrine. The connection of Adam and the race in the matter of sin. instead of being explained ■ by realism and imputation, is explained by the law of heredity. lit .dam sinned, it was inevit- , able that so serious and deep-reaching a fact should propagate itself. Like beffets like; a web-footed bird, another web-footed one; a sinner, a sinner. ■ all that is necessary to explain the universal corrtiption of human nature and the universality of sin. Forgiveness for Christ's sake, in like manner, can be better explained without than with the employment of the idea of imputation. Christ cannot, strictly speaking, merit anj-thing for us, because merit, like demerit, is essentially personal, and cannot be transferred. But Christ can do that on account of which it is consistent with the nature and attributes of God, and with the honor of the law and of the divine justice, freely to forgive sin. He alone can do this. And therefore He alone can lay the ground of our for- giveness. His sufferings are, therefore, that on account of which we are forgiven ; and this cov- ers the whole subject without need of bringing in any imputation whatever. The difference is, however, more one of point of view and phrase- ologj- than of essential doctrine. IMTJS, e'moos. A town of Luzon, Philippines, in the Province of Cavity, founded in 1795 (Map: Philippine Islands. E 5). It lies within a short distance of Manila Bav, and about 18 miles south of Cavity. Population, in 1898, 14,675. INACHUS, {n'a-kiis (Lat.. from Gk.'lvaxoi). The Greek name of a river in Argos. and also of the god of the river. When Poseidon disputed about the possession of Argos. and Inachus de- cided for Hera, Poseidon is said to have dried up the bed of the stream, so that no water could flow through it in summer. Inachus is described also as the first King of Argos. and leader of the Argives from the mountains to the plains, whence Argos is called Inachian. In the legends he is especially celebrated as the father of lo (q.v.). INAGTJA, e-na'gwa, Great and Little. Two of the Bahama Islands, West Indies, situated at the southern end of the group (ilap: West In- dies, L 4). Great Inagua lies about 60 miles northeast of Cuba, and occupies an area of over fiCO square miles. It is only slightly elevated, and is surrounded by reefs. The chief settlement is Matthew Town. Little Inagua lies about 10 miles northeast of the larger island, and has an area of about 36 square miles, and but few in- habitants. The population of Great Inagua is estimated at 1500. INAJA PALM, in-aj'a (probably from the native name), ilaximiliana regia. A South American palm, common in the countries near the Amazon. It has a massive stem 15 to 20 feet high ; very long, drooping, pinnate leaves, which are sometimes more than 15 feet long, with leaflets in groups of three, iour. or five at inter- vals along the midrib, from which they stand out in different directions; numerous spadices; large woody spathes; and densely clustered elongate fruit, with tough skin and soft pulp, and hard stony seed. The spathes are used by hunters to cook meat in. and with water in them they stand in the fire well enough for the purpose. They are also used as baskets, and as cradles by the In- dians, who also eat the fruit, which is particu- larly attractive to monkeys and some kinds of birds. The leaves yield a serviceable fibre that is used by the natives in the manufacture of ropes, li.it^. oic. INAMA-STERNEGG, *-na'ma-st6r'n6g.KAKii Theodor von (1343 — ). An Atistrian economist and statistician, bom at Augsburg. Educated at Munich, he became docent there (1867). pro- fessor at Innsbruck (1868K and at Prague ( I8S0). In the following year he was made head of the Statistical- Bureau in Vienna, and pro- fessor of the L'niversitv of Vienna. He was
 * The law of habit plus the law of heredity is