Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/578

* IMPERIAL MOTH. 504 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. Beconil ami IhirJ se'niK'iits. It feeds on the hick- ory, butternut, and other forest trees. IMPERIAL ORDER OF SERVICE. A new urilir iiistiluted in London .lime Jti. I!MI2. Iiy King Edward Vll., to confer lionur on tlio.-*e who have held continuous oiliee under the British Crown either in Knghind or in the colonies. The order consists of a soverei^jn and companions. '1 hough the number of companions is unlimited, the order is practically eonllned to |KTsons who have been employed in the various branches of the British CivilService for at least forty years. I'p to .January I, 1!)0;!. the order had Ix'cn con- ferred on abiiut nne Inindrcd and live fientlemen. IMPERIAL WOODPECKER. See IvoRr- niLL. IMPERIUM (Lat., power, jurisdiction). A ti-rni applied to the sovereign power of a Roman magistrate when in eonunand outside of Rome. Thus, a Roman consul, when operatinjj; in war, was invested with the |)ower, imperium, that in Rome was the inalienable prerofrative of the Sciia- tus PupulufKiiH' Ilomiinus ; and he was known as impvralor, gcncralinchic/. When .ufrustus took imdcr his own control all the important func- tions of the (State, the republic merjjed into a monarchy, the imperium i)ecame the exclusive Iirerogative of the monarch, and impcrator passed to its modern meaning of 'emperor.' IM'PETI'GO (Lat.. from imi>clcri to attack, from in, in + pctere, to seek). A disease of the skin. The term was formerly applied to many dif- ferent diseases of the skin which were character- ized by pimples, pustules, and scales. In modcni times Willan restricted the term to a disease of the skin, characterized by an eruption of snuill itching pustules, single or in grou|)s, terminating in scaly crusts of a yellowish color. Hcbra and more recent writers discard the term, and clas- sify the old impetigo as a form of eczema (q.v.). Tillbury Fox, of London, descril)es impetigo con- tagiosa as an acute pustular. e(mtagious skin dis- ease, during which the patient sutlers from fever, with vesicles and pustules on the face and hands, and thence extending to other parts of the body and followed by the production of ycllowisli cru.sts. Impetigo herpetiformis is a similar, non- contagious eruptive dermatosis, occurring in pregnant women, attended with grave general pymptoms. Impetigo rodcns is either cancer or syphilis. For treatnicnt of impetiginous eczema, see KcZEJtA. IMPEY, tm'pl. Sir EuJAll (17321809). An English jirist. Chief .Justice of Bengal, born at Hammersmith. He was educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge, and was called to the bar in IT'jO. He was counsel for the East India Company in 1772, and two years later was knighted and sent out to Caloitta as the first Chief .Tusticc under the new regulating act. He nattirally sided with his old schoolfel- low, Warren Hastings, in that Oovcmor's po- litical troubles, and this course of conduct, to- gether with his condemning to death the famous iiorger Raja anda Kumar, brought about his own recall and impeachment (178:J) ; but he was discharged with honor, having been revealed as an amiable and upright jfldge. perhaps a trifle vain and too easily led by Hastings. Tmpey was elect- ed member of Parliament for New Romney in 17nn. but, although he held his B<'at imtil 17nfi, retired to the country in a couple of years, and s|)ent his latter days in eduiating his family and enjoying the society of his friends. IMPEYAN PHEASANT. See Pueasant. IMPLEMENTS, .(,iiici ltiuai., A loose term applied t<i all nnplemcnts and tools used in farm- ing, not only in the tilling of the soil, but in the later preparali(in of the cro|) for nuirkct. Doubtless the first tools used were such as re- (|uired only human stri'ugth in their manipula- tion. The crude spade, hoe, rake, sickle or .scythe, and the Hail of the ancients are the protoly|)es of the modern plow, cultivator, harrow, self- binder, and threshing-machine. After animals were subjected by man, the primitive plow and harrow apjjcared. At first these were branches iif trees; the former a crotcheil stick drawn through the ground, the latter a twiggy liml> dragged over the surface. Cultivators and other implements for clearing the groiuid of weeds, for the occasional stirring of the ground while imdcr crop, and for earthing up erojis are all modern inventions. Especially during the nine- teenth century were improvenu^nts made in al- most every kiml of farm implement. Indeed, not a few first ap|)eared during that period, not- ably the perfected seed-drill, reaper, and sclf- liinder. The tlireshing-machine has not only supplanted the Hail and the use of animals in treading out the grain, but has also rendered obsolete the ancient methods of winnowing away the chaff. In short, every necessary ojicration of the farm is now performed with some im])lc- ment or machine specially adapted to the |)ur- ]iose, and horse, steam, and in some instances electric power, have su])planled manual labor as far as such substitution has been deemed feasible. Since the ]niblicalion of Thomas's Farm Implv- iiiriits and Macliinrr;/ (185!1 and lS(i!)), a few American books have appeared which illustrate and dcscril)e many farm conveniences and a]>pli- anees; but improvements in farm implements have been so numerous and important, and the ap])lieations of science so striking, that there is great need of a work which shall deal with fun- damental principles. See Harvest a.nd Hab- VESTiNo; TnBESiiiNO, etc. Consult : Bailey, article "Tools," in Cyclopedia of American florticiiUiire (Xew York, 1!)00) ; Myriek, Farm Conveniences (Xew York, 1884) ; ^Martin, Farm Appliances (Xew York, 1887) . IMPLU'VItJM (Lat.. receptacle for rain-wa- ter). A tank or cistern in the centre of the hall or atrium of a Roman house. In the ex- amples which remain at PomjX'ii the impluvium is generally formed of marble. It is placed im- mediately under the imroofed part of the atrium, and is intended to receive the rain which runs down from the roof through the opening or cnm- pluvium. The impluvium was frequently adorned with a fountain, and with busts, statues, and vases, and formed a very peculiar and interesting feature in the house. The term was also applied to the central open space of the atrium, even if improviiled with a collecting basin. IMPOON, Im-pnr.n' (Zulu name). One of the duikers ( Cephalolophus mertjens) . a small ante- lope, very plentiful in South Africa, in wooded districts. Seo PlIKFR. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. In a general sense, imports and exports are goods which are conveyed across the boundaries of a region which