Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/575

* IMPACT. 501 IMPEACHMENT. if they are imperfectly elastic and of the same material, Newton has shown that Vo—, a constant for a given kind of material, which is called the 'coefficient of restitution.' IMPAIiE (from Fr. empaler, It. impalare, ilL. impalare, to impale, from Lat. in, in + palus, pole). In heraldry, to arrange two coata of arm:; side by side in one shield divided per pale. It is usual thus to exhibit the conjoined coats of husband and wife, the husband's arms occupying the dexter side or place of honor, and the wife's the sinister side of the escutcheon. A husband impaling his wife's coat with his own is not allowed to surround the former with the collar or insignia of any order of knighthood to •which he may belong. Bishops, deans, heads of colleges, and kings of arms, impale their arms with their insignia of office, giving the dexter side to the former. In early heraldry, when two coats were represented in one shield side by side, only half of each was exhibited, an arrange- ment which had been called dimidiation (q.v.). Sometimes the one coat only was dimidiated. A reminiscence of dimidiation is preserved in the practice of omitting bordures, orles. and tressures in impaled arms on the side bounded by the line of impalement. IMPAL1<A (African name). An antelope. See Palla. IMPAHATION (Fr. impanation, Port, im- ■paiMcCio, It. impanazione, from Lat. in, in + pants, bread). A word coined in the Middle Ages to indicate a modification of the theory of tran- substantiation. Formed upon the model of the word 'incarnation,' it ought to denote that the divine Logos took upon Himself the elements of the bread and wine of the Eucharist, ju.st as He did humanity in the Incarnation. But it was used to denote the view that instead of a transub- stantiation by which the substance of the bread and wine became the substance of the body and blood, there was in the Eucharist an assump- tion by the whole Christ, body as well as divine Logos, of the bread and wine, so that He was wholly present in them. This scarcely differs from Luther's personal view, which was that of the "sacramental permeation of the substance of the bread by the substance of the body," etc., and he was charged by Bellarmine and other Ro- man Catholics with reviving the old error of im- panation. The official doctrine of the Lutheran Church, however, is that of the "sacramental coexistence at the same place of the two sub- stances, both continuing to exist in their un- modified integrity." See Lord's Scppeb; Tran- SUDSTAXTIATIOX. IMPARLANCE (OF. emparlance, from em- parler. to talk, from en, in -- purler, to talk, from ML. parabolare, to discourse, from Lat. parabola, parable, from Gk. TrapalioXf/, paraholc, compari- son, from 7Tapaf)a?.^eiv, paraballein, to place be- side, from 77apa, para, beside + lia?.?.ctv, bal- lein, to throw). In common-law pleading, an allowance of time to the defendant in a civil suit to put in his defense. As the name indicates, the grant of time was originally made to enable the defendant, before pleading, to talk with the plaintiff, with the view of coming to an amicabl" understanding with him. Later, in certain classes of cases, the defendant was entitled to demand %)ne imparlance {licentia loquendi) for this pur- pose, and this practice, in course of time, became a mere device for securing a reasonable time in which to plead. The term is not in general use in this sense in the L'nitcd States. See Plea; Pleading. Consult Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England. IMPAS'TO (It., covered with paste). The name given to the practice of painters who lay on their color with solidity and thickness. Cer- tain schools at one time loaded with color the light portions of their picture, and left the shadows thinly painted. In this way they thought to secure transparency, as it was called, in the shadows. The practice to-day, however, is to attain transparency in shadows by their true relation to the light parts of the picture, and this is done by painting all parts with equal thickness of pigment. IMPATIENS. See Balsam. IMPEACHMENT (OF. einpeschement, Fr. empechement, hindrance, from OF. etnpescher, Fr. enipecher. to hinder, from JIL. impedicare, to en- tangle, fetter, from Lat. in, in + pedica, fetter, from pes, foot ). The act of calling a person to account for some misconduct, or of discrediting a witness, a document, or a record. Impeachment of waste is an ancient statutory proceeding in- stituted to restrain and punish the commission of acts of waste by tenants for life or years. (See Impeachment of Waste, and Waste.) The manner in which a document or record or witness is impeached, and the legal effect of such impeachment, are explained in the article on Evidence. There remains for our present consideration the peculiar method, known as impeachment, of prosecuting certain public offenders. In Eng- land it differs from the ordinary criminal prose- cution in two respects : ( 1 ) tlie prosecutor is the House of Commons, and not the Crown; (2) the trial court is the House of Lords, and not an ordinary judiciarj- tribunal. In the United .States an impeachment is generally instituted and prose- cuted by the Lower House of Congress or of a State Legislature before the L'pper House or Senate, although a few of our States provide for impeachments in the ordinary courts of justice. This method of prosecuting criminals was employed for the first time in the case of Lord Latimer and others, who were accused of differ- ent kinds of frauds and malpractices connected with the revenue during the latter part of the reign of Edward III., and who were found guilty and condemned to imprisonment and removed from office. The proceeding is one of the monu- ments of the Good Parliament of 1376. Several other cases of impeachment of crime followed: but after 14.59 acts of attainder (see At- tainder) took the place of impeachments for nearly two centuries. Under the Stuarts, how- ever. Parliament again returned to impeachments as an effective method of dealing with officers of the Crown who were corrupt or oppressive. In 1021 Sir Giles Mompesson and Lord Bacon were impeached and convicted, removed from office, and heavily fined, for gross official misconduct. Since that date there have been fifty-two cases of impeachment in England, of which number but one has occurred within a hundred years, and