Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/530

* ILLEGITIMACY. 4G ILLINOIS. COCSTBT Per cent. deatliH aiiiuDg legttliuuUM r^rceut. deaths fiuiUDg llleKlllluutei) i&.e la.i 11.9 1U.3 a».3 24.0 33.3 JKraiici* 3U.U 'iO.a Norwuy I'i.lO 34.8 Bnvarta 38.6 36.4 BerllD 32.8 It will be seen that the average rate of infant mortality is 25 per cent, higher among illegili- n'ates than among legitimates. Even more dif- ference is sliown by the tables of Frangois. Ac- cording to these tables the death-rate is twice as high in Spain, Ilungury, Sweden, and Denmark. Investigations undertaken to show the physical and moral development of illegitimates are in- conclusive in results. This question has been studied in Germany, and more experiments seem to show that illegitimates do not differ greatly from the normal. Kor example, of 277 illegiti- mates examined for military service in Berlin in 1870, there were 90 acxiepted ; of the same num- ber of legitimates, 95 were accepted. Among criminals investigations have shown that the ille- gitimates furnish a large number of those ar- rested for theft and for begging. An important question from the standpoint of the economist and public financier is the burden imposed by illegitimacy upon the public. It may work against the welfare of the State by unduly increasing the population, because it removes the feeling of responsibility felt by those who know they must support those whom they bring into the world. The more practical -and immediate aspect of the problem, however, is the expense the State must meet in caring for the illegiti- mates. The importance of this item depends on three conditions: First, the actual number of those thrown on the public; second, the share of this burden borne by private charity; third, the degree of responsibility placed on the reputed parents as to the support of the illegitimate chil- dren. This leads to a detailed study of charity work, however, for which reference must be made to that head. As to the support of illegitimates, the common- law rule is that the putative father of a bastard child is not liable for its support, this obligation falling legally on the mother. By statute law, both in England and most of the I'nited States, upon complaint of the mother or of certain designated public officers, an in- quiry may be had as to the identity of the puta- tive father, and upon sufficient proof an order of ofliliation made whereby the father is adjudged to pay for the .support of the child. Consult Lap- pingwell, lUrgitimacy (New York and London, 1892). Under common law, an illegitimate child can neither inherit nor transmit property. The ex- ception to this rule is that to his own ofTspring he may will property of his own accumulation. Laws of the United States have modified this con- dition, and as a rule, allow inheritance and trans- mission of property through the mother. The legitimation of children bom out of wed- lock by statute law in most of the States follows upon the intermarriage of the parents and ac- knowledgment of the children. The legitimation of illegitimates secures them, in general, all the privileges of children born in wedlock. It there- fore carries with it the right of property and inheritance and the name of the father. In Eng- land the intermarriage of the parents at any time before the birth of the child legitimates the child. English law recognizes the status of the child in the place where the parents were domiciled. In the civil and canon law, the intermarriage of parents has always made the child legitimate. This is the law of Scotland, Holland, (jiermany, and France. ILLICIUM, il-lIshl-Om (Neo-Lat., from Lat. illiccn-, lu allure, from in, in + lacere, to en- tice). A genus of trees of the natural order Magnoliacea-, the members of which have flowers with three or six petal-like sepals, numerous petals arranged in several rows, many stamens and pistils, capsules arranged in a star-like form, opening vipward, and each containing a sin gle seed. The species are few, but very widely distributed. The most important is Illicium anisaiuni, star or Cliinese anise, the fruit of which is used in me<licine and as a condiment. This tree is held in liigli esteem by the Japanese, and is planted near their temples. The star anise of commerce is now derived principally from Anam. Among the other species is Illi- cium fluridnnum, a shrub with pendent clusters of dark purple flowers, native of Florida and Louisiana, of which the leaves and capsules smell like anise, though more faintly than those of the Chinese tree. Similar in fragrance is Illicium pariiflorutf, another Floridian species. See Anise. ILLIGEN, M'U'zhaN', ANDBfi (1638-70). A French buccaneer, native of Ixelles. near Brus- sels. From the merchant service of the Nether- lands, he passed into that of the French filibuster Montbars, who had saved him from the Span- iards, and together they sacked cities and ship* of the enemy. Illigen afterwards worked with the famous Welsh pirate Sir Henrj' Morgan, with whom he cooperated during some of the let- ter's noted expeditions against the possessions of Spain in the West Indies and South America. ILLIMANT, el'y^-mii'n*. A volcano in the Bolivian Andes, South America, situated about 25 miles southeast of the city of La Paz (Map: Bolivia. D 7). It is surmounted by four peaks, of which one. Condor Blanco, is over 20.800 feet high. It is covered with perpetual snow above 15,000 feet, whence its name, signifying 'snow mountain.' There is a lake in the moimtain mass 15.900 feet above the sea. and glaciers on the north side at an altitude of 1G..3.50 feet. The first ascent to the summit of the central peak was made in 1877 by Wiener, Grumbhow, and Ocampo. ILLINOIS, Il'll-noi' or -noiz' (American In- dian. Illitii. men). A group of North American Indian tribes belonging to the great Algonquian linguistic family (see Ai.oonquian Stock) and originally occupying the State that received their name. La Salle speaks of Lake Michigan as l.nc des Illinois. Some of the separate tribes in this group were the Cahokias. after whom the gigantic pyramidal mound opposite Saint Louis was named. Kaskaskia, Michigami, Moingwena, Peo- ria, and Tamaroa. Most of them have left the record of their existence in place names here and there about the Stale. A point of interest relating to the Illinois and other Algonquian tribes in the Ohio Valley is