Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/53

* HESYCHITJS. 39 HETEROPODA. HESYCJHITJS. According to Jerome, publish- er 01 an edition of the New Testament, and also a revision of the Septuagint. He is generally identitied with a Hesychius said by Eusebius to have been Bi.-hop of Alexandria, and to have died a martyr during the Galerian persecution, about 311. HESYCHIUS OF MIEETUS (fl. probably C.550 A.u. ). A Greek chronicler, surnamed The Illustrious {o'l'A/.oiarpio^). We hear of three works of his: (1) A universal history in six books, beginning with the Assyrian King Belus, and coming down to the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Anastasius (518), of which a part of the sixth book, covering the history of Con- stantinople from the earliest times to the reign of Constantino (324), has been pre- served under the title flrirpio K'0;i«tToi7os rj iriva^ rdv iv iratScf^i dvotuuiTwv), which was sKtensively excerpted by Photius and Suidas (qq.v. ). The fragments of Jiis works are collected by Miiller, Fraijmenta Bistoriconim Grwconim, iv. (Paris, 1841-70). An attempt to 'recover' Hesychius from Suidas and other excerpters has been made by Flach, IT/si/cliii Milesii Onomatologi quCE Supersunt (Leipzig, 1882). HET.a:'EiE (Xeo-Lat., from Gk. iralpa, he- tuiru, fern, of erarpos, hetairos, comrade, com- jjanion ; connected with ?7-ijs, hctf-s, kinsman). In ancient Greek society women of more or less unconventional life. They were apt to be slaves or foreigners, and, skillful in dance or music, gave l>rivate or public entertainments. As, under the Athenian law, only a citizen's daughter could marry a citizen, many of these women, often of otherwise excellent character, were constrained, if they desired companionship, to accept concu- binage. Some — for example, Aspasia, the in- structor of Socrates and the friend of Pericles — vere highly accomplished, and exerted great and wholesome influence upon State policy. Others, like Leontium, Phrvne, Thais, and Theodota, while possessed of personal grace and charm, and more or less intellectual distinction, were more properly courtesans. The various words for women of irregular life should be sharply distin- guished. Hclcrra, like concnhinn, implies fidelity to a single man, and such relation may well have been a true marriage. Merctrix. ponir, and scorlum signify a quite different thing — the har- lot or prostitute. There was still another class represented by the words pallnlr. pnllakis. and pellcT, signifving a mistress kept by a man al- ready married. In the Xew Attic comedy the het;rra> are a conspicuous feature of the plot, and the Lrttrrs of .Mciphrnn find in this their source, as do also I.ucian's Convcrsalions of BclrrrcB. HETiERIA PHILIKE, hpt'S-re'A fiiKri). A secret society of Greek sympathizers, founded in 1814. to liberate Greece from Turkish rule. Under the leadership of Prince Alexander Ypsilanti it brought about the Greek War of Independence in 1821. HETCHEL. See Hecki-e. HET'EROCCE'LA (Xeo-Lat. noni. pi., from •Ok. fTepoi. hrlfrox. other + (toiXo*, l-nilnn. hol- low). One of the two orders of calcareous sponges, including those in which the endoderm is composed of flagellate collared cells. In the other order, llomocoela, collared cells are restricted to flagellate chambers, and flattened cells compose the remainder of the endoderm. See Sponge. HET'EKOCYST (from Gk. Ircpos, hcteros, other + Ki/fTTis, kystis, bag). A term applied to certain cells, empty or with watery contents, found in the filaments of blue-green algae. See Alu.e and Cyaxopiiyce.e. HET'EROGKAMY (from Gk. crepos, heteros, other + ydpLos, gumos, marriage). A condition in plants, contrasted with isogamy (q.v.), in which the pairing sex-cells (gametes) are dif- ferentiated into sperms and eggs. Most plants are heterogamous in this sense. The term is also used when two kinds of flowers exist on the same plant; as, for example, in certain Composita;, where the development of stamens an'd pistils differs in the disk and the ray flowers. See Fer- tilization. HET'EEOGEN'ESIS (Neo-Lat., from Gk. Irepot, hcteros, other + yivcais, genesis, genera- tion, from yiyvcirSat, gignesthai, Skt. jan, to be born). A term bearing various meanings and re- lations. (1) The equivalent of abiogenesis or spontaneous generation. ( See Biogenesis.) (2) A mode of reproduction in which the parent pro- duces offspring unlike itself, as opposed to homo- genesis, or the production of oH'spring like the parent or parents. See Altebnation of Geneea- TIONS. HET EROG'ONY. See Parthenogenesis. HET'EROPHO'RIA (NeoLat., from Gk. erepos, hcteros. other + -(popla, -phoria, car- riage, from (pipeiii, pherein, to carry), or Insuf- ficiency. A condition in which the eyes are only- prevented from deviating by constant muscular effort. Exophoria is the term applied to the tendency of an eye to look outward while the other is fi.xed upon an object; esophoria, to the tendency to deviate inwai I. The trouble is due to relative weakness of an eye-muscle, the result of some error of refraction or in persons general- ly run down. In severe cases there are headjache, pain in the eyes, occasional double vision, blur- ring of point, and irritability oi the eyelids. The difficulty is treated by attention to the general health and correction of errors of refraction by eyeglasses. Exercise of the weak eye-muscles is also employed. HET'EROPHTrLLY (from Gk. erepoj, hete- ros. other + ^iSXXov, phi/llon. ea{) . That con- dition in which there are two or more forms of leaf on the same plant, a condition particularly well shown in amphibious plants in which the water leaf is finely divided, but the air leaf is entire and compact. See Leaf. HET'EROP'ODA (Xeo-Lat. nom. pi., from Gk. frepiircuj, hcleropous, having uneven feet, from cTfpos, hcteros. other + iror/t, pons. foot). A suborder of small pelagic pectinibranchiate Gastropoda (q.v.). They swarm at night at the surface of the ocean and swim rapidly about with their backs downward and their ventral surfaces uppermost. Their bodies are small, deli- cafe, and often transparent, with well-demarcated heads, and well-developed sense, circulatory, breathing, and reproductive organs. The foot is compressed to form peculiar blade-like swim- ming organs. Most heteropods are naked, but some genera, among them Atlanta, Carinaria,