Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/52

* HESSHUSIUS. 38 HESYCHIUS. here, too, his love of strife and his extreme or- thodoxy, and liis ah.solutu u|)|josiliou to (.'rjplo- Culvinism or to any form ol LulheraiiiMii li'ss rugged than his own, brought him into trouble, lie had to leave ila^deburg, and, diivou from one town to another, settled at Neuburn in lotio aa Court preaeher. I'jom there he went to Jena, but in 1573 left Brunswick and became Bishop of Saniland at KonifjsbiM;;. four years later he waa loreed to retire from this olliee, ,and became pro- lessor at llolmstedt. llesshusius wrote: Von Amt und (leuult dcr I'farrkcrrcn (last ed., by Schutz, 1S54) ; Ue Vera h'ccUi»ia cl ejus AucloriUite (157'i); Antiilohim vuiiha Uuijnui M. tlaccii, quod Peccalum Uriginis Hit Substantia (1572); nnd Asmrlutio Testamvnti Chrisli (1574). Con- sult: Wilkens, Tilemaiin Hesshusius (Leipzig, 1860) ; and Uelmolt, Tilemann Hesshus und seine sicl)en Exilia- (Leipzig, 1859). HESSIAIT FLY. A dipterous insect (Ceci- domijia ilmlniclur), which, from the damage which the larva (loos to wheat in Xorth America, and also to some extent in Europe, has become one of the most widely known of insects. It ia dark in color, nearly black, with dusky wings and pale bruwii lefjs. While distinctively a wheat insect, it will breed also in barley and rye. Over a large part of the wheat area of the United States there are two principal broods, namely, a spring brood and a fall brood. There are, how- ever, supplemental broods both in spring and fall, particularly in the southern wheat areas; but in the extreme northern area of the spring wheat belt there may lie only a single generation. Each generation is re|)resented by four distinct states, namelv. e> lara 'maggot,' pupa or 'flaxseed,' and the mature winged insect. The eggs are very minute and slender, white in color, and are usually deposited in irregular rows of three to five or more on the upper surface of the leaf. Sometimes they are thnist beneath the sheaf of the leaf on the lower joints. The whitish maggots hatch and crawl down to the base of the sheath, developing on the substance of the stalk, causing a distortion or enlargement of the stalk at the point of attack. In a few weeks the larva contracts into a llaxseed-like ob- ject, which is the pupariun. With the spring brood the insect remains in the flaxseed state during midsummer, giving out the perfect insect usually in September. With the fall brood, the insect passes the winter in the flaxseed state at the base of the winter wheat. The best remedies are the late planting of winter wheat or the early planting of a narrow strip in which the llies will lay their eggs and which may afterwards be plowed under, the bulk of the crop being planted late. The copious and prompt use of fertilizers enables the wheat to tiller sulTiciently to yield a partial crop even when badly attacked. The burning of the stubble, the destruction of volunteer wheat, and the growth of resi.stant varieties are all recommended. BmMOGBAPllY. Osborn. The Uessinn Fiji in the United States (Department of Agriculture. Wash- ington. 1898) : The llenxinn I'lii in Wheat (Tenn- sylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, 1800) ; Lugger. The IJe.ssian Fly (Minnesota, Agricultural Experimental Station, Saint Paul, 1890) : Webster. Bulletin 101 (Ohio Agricultural Experimental Station. Columbus, 1898). HESTIA. See Vesta. HES'TON AND ISUE'WORTH. A subur- ban nuuiieipalily ol Londmi. Kugland, on the Thames, 12 miles southwest of Saint Paul's (ilap: Londou, E 4). Market gardening is car- ried on, and it is a favorite residential ])lace of London merchants. Population, in 1891, 20,000^ in I'.lOl. :iO.SOO. HESYCHASTS, hCs'I-kasts (from Gk. nau- XocTT^j, hCsj/chaslCs, quietist, from rirvxiiti", hesyehazein, to be quiet, from f^rvxot, lusychoa, quiet). Mystics of the Greek (^luinli, and par- ticularly the monks of Mount Athos (q.v.). In all probability mysticism never entirely died out among the Oriental monastic bodies; but the mystics attracted an unusual share of attien- tion, not onlj' at home but in the Western Church, in the earlier half of the four- teenth century. A Basil ian monk, named Barlaam (q.v.). in the coui-se of a visit to the monasteries of Greece, observed several prac- tices an3 doctrines which he considercil reprehen- sible. The mimks of Mount Athos especially pro- voked his repnjbalinn and riilicule. Believing that in the soul lay a hiildeii divine light, wliieh it wa.s the olliee of eonteiiiplation to evoke, they with- drew .at stated times to a retii-ed place, seated themselj'es on the earth, and fixed their eyes stead- fastly on the navel (whence the sobriquet by which they were known, o/t<pa?.6tl'vxoi, navel- souls) ; anil they averred that, after the allotted time of contemplation, a kind of heavenly light beamed forth upon them from the soul (whose seat, they held, was in that region), and filled them with ecstasy and supernatural delight. They declared that this light was the glory of God Himself, and they connected it in some un- explained way with the light which appeared at the transfiguration of the Lord. Barlaam de- nounced these notions as fanatical and supersti- tious. On the other hand, they were explained and defended by (Jregory Palamas, the Archbishop of Tbcssalonica ; and in order to settle the con- troversy, a eouncij was held in Constantinople in l.'?41 which terminated in the triumph of Palamas and the monks. The controversy after- wards turned upon the nature of the light sup- posed to emanate from the soul in this state of contemplation. Other councils were called, one of which, in '^5. again pronounced in favor of the monks, through the influence, it was said, of the Court and of .Tohn Cantacuzenus, who was .a patron of the Ilcsychasts. But the public voice was hostile to the sect, and on the retirement of their patron Cantacuzenus. who, in l.'Soo, be- came a monk, they fell into obscurity. Consult: Stein, Studien iilier die Hesyehasten des XIV. Jahrhunderls (Vienna. 1874) : IIoll, Enthusi- asmus und Iiuiisfiejr<ilt bei dem griechischen Mrinchium (Leipzig. 1898). HESYCHIUS, h;-slk'l-iis (Lat., from Gk. '"Etrix"")- -^ Greek grammarian of Alexandria, probably belonging to the lifth century a.d. He was the author of a Greek lexicon taken partly from earlier works of a similar ebaraeter. witb the addition of new words and examples from the writings of poets, orators, historians, and physi- cians. Its value is very great, as it helps us to the correct readings in many texts, and con- tains no little information coneeming the Greek dialects. The beat edition is that of Schmidt (4 vols., .Jena, 1858-68).