Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/510

IDAHO. 

Consult: Onderdonk, Idaho, Facts and Statistics Concerning Its Mining, Farming, and Industries (San Francisco, 1885); Bancroft, Washington, Idaho, and Montana (San Francisco, 1890).  IDAHO,. A State educational institution situated at Moscow, Idaho. It was founded in 1889, but was not opened for the reception of students until 1892. It is under the control of five regents, and offers free instruction to students of both sexes. It comprises a course of letters and science, schools of agriculture and applied science, and a preparatory school. It maintains an agricultural experiment station, and has organized farmers' institutes throughout the State. Military drill is required of preparatory students, and of freshmen and sophomores in the university. The degrees of B.A., B.S., B.M., B.E.M., B.E.E., and B.C.E. are conferred. The total attendance averages 350, of whom about 150 are collegiate students. The library contains about 8000 volumes and 10,000 pamphlets. The endowment consists of 286,000 acres of land. The grounds and buildings are valued at $275,000, and the income is approximately $65,000.  IDAHO SPRINGS. A town in Clear Creek County, Colo., 37 miles west of Denver; on the Colorado and Southern Railroad (Map:, E 2). Picturesquely situated in the famous Clear Creek Cañon, at an elevation of 7543 feet, and having cold and hot soda springs, it is one of the noted summer resorts of the State. In 1859 gold was first discovered in Colorado, at Jackson's Bar, within the present city limits. Up to 1902 the mineral production of the district was over $200,000,000. The town has a number of concentrating mills, machine-shops, lumber-yards, etc., and is famed for its mining tunnels. There is a public library. Population, in 1890, 1338; in 1900, 2502.  IDA′LIUM (Lat., from Gk., Idalion). A town in Cyprus, adjoining which was a forest sacred to Aphrodite, who was hence sometimes called Idalia. The site is the modern Dalin.  IDDESLEIGH,, first Earl of. See .  ID′DINGS, (1857—). An American geologist, born in Baltimore, Md. He graduated at the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale in 1877, was a graduate student and assistant in mechanical drawing and surveying there until 1878, and continued his studies in

geology and microscopic petrography at Columbia University and Heidelberg. From 1880 until 1892 he was in the service of the United States Geological Survey, to which he returned in 1895. In 1892 he became assistant professor, and in 1895 professor, of petrology at the University of Chicago. His Government explorations were described in many reports and contributions to scientific journals. Among his more important writings are: The Nature and Origin of Lithophysæ and the Lamination of Acid Lavas (1887), reprinted from the American Journal of Science; On the Development of Crystallization in the Igneous Rocks of Washoe, Nev. (1885), with Arnold Hague; and The Origin of Igneous Rocks (1892), in the Bulletin of the Washington Philosophical Society.  IDE (Norweg., Swed. id, roach). A fish (Leuciscus idus), closely allied to the roach. It inhabits the lakes of the northern parts of Europe, and ascends rivers in April and May to spawn. It is excellent for the table. A gold-colored variety, called ‘orfe,’ is bred in Germany, and is sold extensively for ornamental aquariums.  IDEA (Lat., from Gk., form, from , idein, to see; connected with Lat. videre, to see, Skt. vid, AS. witan, Eng. wit, to know). The term ‘idea’ has undergone a radical change of meaning in the history of psychology. “Employed by Plato to express the real form of the intelligible world, in lofty contrast to the unreal images of the sensible, it was lowered by Descartes, who extended it to the objects of our consciousness in general” (Hamilton). In modern philosophy the word has a distinctly empirical flavor. (q.v.) defines idea as “whatsoever is the object of the understanding when a man thinks,” “that which the mind is applied about whilst thinking,” and the intellectualistic tendencies of the English Associationist school (see ) made ‘idea’ almost equivalent to what is now termed ‘’ (q.v.). In current psychological usage the word is either taken in a wide sense to denote the “conscious representation of some object or process of the external world” (Wundt), thus covering (q.v.), ideas of memory, and ideas of imagination; or it is restricted to the two latter categories, and opposed to perception, as a strictly representative to a presentative process. Since there is no essential psychological difference between ‘representation’ and ‘presentation,’ the first and wider application of the term is preferable.

An idea which has been formed, after the manner of a composite photograph, from many ideas of similar character, and which has thus lost definiteness of detail, while it is liable to associative arousal at the hands of a large number of other ideas, is termed an ‘abstract’ idea. (See .) When the abstract idea is symbolic, and not pictorial—when, e.g., it is a word—it is named a ‘concept.’ Ideational masses of complex but vague contents, which require the operation of active attention to bring their constituents to separate recognition—such as our idea of the sentence that we are about to utter, or (on a still larger scale) our idea of self—are called ‘aggregate’ ideas. For ideas of memory and imagination, see those titles.

Consult: Sully, The Human Mind, vol. i. (London, 1892); Ladd, Psychology, Descriptive and Explanatory (New York, 1894); James, <section end="Idea" />