Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/502

* ICONOGRAPHY. 44U IDA GROVE. Michelangelo and Fulvius Ursinus, anJ fiirtlior iK'Vt'ldped by Canini, in liis Iconoijriiliii ( Kcmii', ltitj',1). The term "iconography' i.s occasiimally ap- plied to the portraits or iinaj;cs of niytholoi-ifal j:enerally treated in the article Mythology in .kv. Its chief use. liowever, is in reference to the attrilnites. emblems, and symbols with which Christian deities, saints, and conceptions are rep- resented in art. L'liRisTlA.N Ico.NOGKAi'iiY. In the early Chris- tian centuries the representations were few in number and quite simple, leaving much freedom to the artist. They embraced subjects like the "Good Shcplierd" and the emblems of faith, fa- miliar to all. In the fourth and fifth centuries iconography became more complicated. The clergy began to vise it as a fa<tor of systematic religious instruction, controlling the representa- tions which were now executed in strict accord- ance with formulas. Christ, as King of Heaven, was by far the favorite subject from the fourth to the seventh ceiilurv. while fniiii the eighth to the twelfth, (he 'La-t .ludgiiieiit' and scenes from the Kevelation were in vogue. There were two schools: the Eastern or Byzantine and the Western or Latino-German. The former was by far the most original and important, dominating not only the East, hut JCurope during the Carlo- vingian period, and remaining supreme in Italy until late in the Gothic age. It found its ex- piessidii in mosaics, frescoes, and illuminated manuscripts, sculpture being excluded as a result of the leonoelastic cimfliet. (See HvZANTI.NE Art. ) The iconography of the l?omanesque (q.v.) period was nicagi"e and unsystematic, but during the Gothic age an independent Western system orig- inated in I'^rance. spreading throughout Europe. In the North it found its cliief expression in the sculptures of the great cathedrals, and endeav- ored to represent the encyclopapdic conceptions of the scholastics. (See Gothic .Art.) In Italy it manifested itself chielly in iiainting. Iconog- raphy remained un<ler clerical control until, with the Renaissance, the human element superseded the divine, the old subjects being used as a means for the expression of human feeling and artistic ability. The old subjects from biblical history, especially those illustrating the plans of salvation and those from the lives of the saints, continued to be used, the most popular subject being the Madonna with the Chiist Child, repre- sented as an earthly mother or in more divine attitudes. The more important subjects of Christian iconography are treated under sepa- rate titles, like Christ i. Art; Hoi.y Family. For the important part played by emblems and symbols in iconography, see the article Sy.mI!oi.- IS.M. and such special articles as Aureole; Nim- bus, etc. BiBLiooRAPin-. The foundations of the modern science of Christian iconography were laid bv_ Didron. Irniioffraiihir vhri'timnv, grecijuc rt Itifinr (Paris. 184.1; English translation in Bohn's Li- brary'), and -Anton Springer (q.v.). See also Durand. TJiatnirr r}r Diru, iconoqrajihie dm pcrsonnes dirines (Paris. 1844) ; Wessely, Ikonoqrnphie Gotten und der fjcilifien (Leipzig, 1875). The best modern works are: Barbier de Montault, Traits d'iconoqrnphie rhrflienne (Paris, 1890). and Detzel. OiV chrixtlichr llono- griiphie (Freiburg, 1895). There is no good work on the subject in English, the writings of Mrs. Jameson being unscientific. For iconography in the sense of classical portraiture, ccmsult the monuiiiental works of Viseimti: Icuiioiiniphic y/ici/i(c (3 vols., Paris, 180S) ; iLunoijriiphio nimuine (.'t vols., ib.. 1818-201 ; liernimilli, lliini- ischi- IkoiiOijraphic (Stuttgart, 1882-91); (iricch- isclii lki,iiii(i)iijilni I.Munich, lilOl). ICTEROH.a;MATURIA, ik't&r-A-hem'A-tu'- rl-ft (Neo-Lat., from (ik. iKTtpor, ihtrros, jaun- dice + ol/ia, hainia, blood + oipov, oiiron, urine). A malignant disease of sheep, due lo the action of a blood iianisite similar to that of Texas fever. In Europe it is known as caiceag. The micro-organism of the disease is found in the blood, urine, spleen, liver, anil klilneys. The chief symptoms are fever, bloody urine, and jaundice of the eyelids, nostrils, ;ind sometimes of the skin. Dropsical swellings occur on the head and neck, and the animal assumes a crouch- ing position. During the progress of the dis- ease there is a decrease in the number of red blood-corpuscles and an incrcax^ in the number of white corpuscles. Post-mortem examinations reveal iin enlargement of the kidneys and a yel- low color in the adipose tissue. The disease oc- curs in restricted localities, where it causes serious losses of sheep. It appears to be safe, however, to raise goats on such infected areas. ICTI'NUS ( Lat., from Gk. 'iKTiyoc) . The chief architect of the age of Pericles, designer of the Parthenon at Athens, the great hall for the my.s- tcries (Telcsterion) at Eleusis. and the Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Phigalia in .-Vrcadia. He is said to have written an architectural treatise on the Parthenon. lOJA (Lat.. STomGk.'IS-n,Id€,'lSa, Ida). A mountain range of .Asia Minor, extending through Phrygia and Mysia ; now known as Kaz- Dagh. The (iranicus. the Simois, the Scanian- der. and other streams famous in ancient story, flowed from its sides. The highest peak was Mount Gargarus. 5748 feet, near the plain of Troy. Ida was an ancient seat of the wor- ship of Cybcle, who was hence called Idcra Matf-r. There was another Ida, almost equally famous, in Crete. This is now called Psiloriti. It rises to a height of about 8000 feet above sea- hvcl. Zeus is said to have been nurtured in a cave in this mountain. IDA. 'Hie princess, in Tennyson's poem of that name. ID.ffi'I DAC'TYLI (Lat., from Gk. 'I5oro« Ad/tTuXot, Idaioi fhikli/loi). Like the Cory- bantcs and Curctes. attendants upon Cybele. who were originally connected with Mount Ida in Phrygia, whence they were transferred to Mount Ida in Crete, where they watched the infant Zois. They are supernatural metal-workers, and seem to derive their name from their ready fin- gers (SiKTvXor, finger). The number is given as five or ten, or sometimes even 100. In Greee.? they appear only at Olympia. where they seem to have been briaight from Crete, and were iden- tified with, Hercules and four brothers, who first competed in the foot-race. IDA GROVE. A town and the county-seat of Ida County. low-a. 80 miles east by south of Sioux City, on the Maple River, and on the Chi- cago and Northwestern Railroad (Map: Iowa, B 2). It is the commercial centre of a fertih agricultural and stock-raisinu' district, and li-i-^ grain-elevators and floiiring-mills, a broom-fac-
 * iersona;;es and objects of antiqnity — a subject