Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/475

* HYRTL. 413 HYSTERESIS. 1opograi>hischen Anatoniie (1847; 7th ed. 1882) ; and ou the history of anatomical iiomeuelature, Oas Arabische und Bebriiische in der Anatoniie (1879), Onomatologia anutomica (1880), and Die alten deutschen Kunatworte der Anatomic (1884). But his most important work was as a technical anatomist. He had great practical skill, devised special preparations for the dissection of various organs and a microscopical preparation to show the capillary vascular network of the lesser organs, and wrote a Ilandhuch der praktischen ZeriiUrdf-rungskunst ( 1860 ). HYSLOP, his'lop, James (1798-1827). A Scottish poet, born and brought up on a farm in Kirkconnel Parish, Dinnfriesshire. He was en- tirely self-taught, but while in the employ of a sheep-farmer in Muirkirk (1812-16), he became imbued with the Covenant associations of Airds- nioss, which inspired his best poem, "The Came- ronian's Dream" {Edinburgh Magazine, 1821). Besides other poems, he published in the same periodical his accounts of a three years' voyage to South America, whither he was taken as tutor on a war-ship; having had previous experience of teaching in Greenock. After spending three years ashore, in teaching and journalism, Hj'slop embarked again as tutor on H.M.S. Tweed, but within a month died of fever near the Cape Verde Islands, and was buried in the Atlantic. His poems, eighty-two in all, were published in Glas- gow (1887), and two years afterwards his master- piece was set to music by Hamish McCunn (q.v.). HYSSOP (AS. ysope, from Lat. hysopum, Inj.tMjpiirn. hyssopus, from Gk. iJirov, hyssOpon, hyssop, from Heb. ezOb, sort of aromatic plant), Hysso- pus. A genus of one species of the natural order Labia- tte. The common hyssop (Hyssopus oflieinaU.i) . a na- tive of Southern Europe and the East, and naturalized in the United States, is a half- shrubby evergreen plant, about V2 feet high, with beautiful blue flowers ar- ranged in one-sided whorled racemes. It has long been cultivated for its aromatic leaves, young shoots, and seeds, which are sometimes used to season salads and soups, but more generally in a dried state as a stom- achic and carminative. The virtues of hyssop depend on a volatile "oil. A syrup m»»ui-. ^^^^^j^ jj.^j^^ ^^^ leaves is sometimes used for colds, but the plant is less in favor than formerly. It has been supposed that the hyssop of the Bible is some species of Phvtolacca", as Pliytolacea arinosa. a native of the" Himalayas; biit the common taper has also been so considered. Hedge-hyssop is Unitiolii offi- cinalis, HYSTASPES, his-tas'pez (Lat., from Gk. "tarijwTis). A name found several times in Per- sian history. (1) It was the name of the father of King Darius I., and according to t ho Old Persi.in inscriptions he was Governor of Parthia. and his father's name is given as .Arshama, which agrees also with Herodotus. The name Hystaspes, or Vishtaspa, of the inscriptions, is identical in form with Vishtaspa, the name of Zoroaster's patron, in the Avesta ; but there is no historical ground for identifying the two personages, as has been erroneously done by some. The allusion to Hystaspes in Lactantius in the Church Fathers seems to have reference to Zoroaster's patron. Consult .Jackson, Zoroaster, the Prophet of An- cient Iran (New York, 1898). (2) Hystaspes, the son of Darius I. and Atossa, was a brother of Xer.ves, and commanded a force of Bactrians and Sacte in the hitter's army. HYSTASPES. An ancient author, according to the testimony of several of the Church Fathers. He is supposed to have been a magus who wrote a book called 'atieinia. Of his life or date we are entirely ignorant. Two passages regarding his writings occur in Justin Martyr, one saying that he foretold the destruction of the world by fire, as the Sibyl did. and the other mentioning the book in connection with the Sibylline works and the prophetic books of the Old Testament as loathed l)y the evil demons. There is in the writing of Clement of Alexandria a reference of doubtful meaning, but usually construed to say that the work was in existence in the second century, and that it re- ferred to the coming of the Messiah and to His kingdom; and another in Lactantius, where Hystaspes, like the Sibyl, is said to predict the destruction of Rome, and is quoted as describing the wickedness of the last time, its misery, and the final destruction of the unjust. The name points to Persian origin : but the possibility that it was merely the name of the work, as seems evident from the passage in Clement, when the choice wouhl bo due to the fame of the Magians, makes the origin of the work uncertain. Even its existence cannot be considered proved, much less that of an author called Hystaspes. Consult Kuhn. "Eine zoroastrisclie Prophezeiung in christlichem Gcwande," in Festgruss an Roth (Stuttgart, 1893). HYS'TERE'SIS (Neo-Lat.. from Gk. 6<rr4. p-qais, deficiency, from iicTepuv, hysterein. to be beliind, from liffrepos. hystcros, latter: connected with Skt. ud, AS. iit. OHG. h~. Ger. aus. Eng. out). The name given a phenomenon in the magnetization of magnetic substances, which was first observed by Warburg.'in 1881. and later, in 1885, independently by Ewing, to whom the name is due. It is found" that if a rod of iron — or any magnetic substance — is placed in a mag- netizing helix, and the electric current through this gradually increased to a certain value, and then slowly decreased, the magnetic properties of the rod do" not follow the same course when the magnetizing current is decreasing as they did when it was increasing. All the properties due to the magnetization — the induction, the change in length, the change in elasticity, etc. — lag behind the magnetizing force. That is. if thes« properties have certain values for a given mag- netizing force when the current is increasing, they will not return to the same values, when, as the current is decreasing, the same magnetiz- ing force is reached ; but this force must be still further decreased, or even reversed, before these same values are again obtained. The amount of hysteresis varies greatly with different qualities of iron and steel, and with different substances. Its value is most important from a commercial