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* HESS. 33 HESSE. in Bavaria;" '■Pliinderiiig Cossacks;" "A Market- ing Scene ;" and a "Surprise;" all minutely paint- ed and of good color.-^His brother Karl (1801- 74), burn at Diisseldarf, was an animal, land- scape, and genre painter. Notable works by him are: "-On Lake Starnberg" (1835); "A Tyrolese 1-andscape" and "Cattle in a Pasture" (1822), both in tile National Gallery, Berlin. He was also an engraver. HESS, Richard (18.'?.5— ). A noted German forester. He was bom at Gotha, studied at Aschaflfenburg and at (Jiittingen, and at the age of twenty-three entered the forestry service at Gotha. In 1868 he was appointed director of the Academic Institute of Forestry at the Uni- versity of Giessen. where he also occupied a chair as one of the professors. His chief book is Dcr Forstschutziheipzig, 187f)-78; .3d ed., 2 vols., lS!)6-99). Among his numerous other writings may be mentioned : (Srundriss zu Vorlesungen iihcr For-ilboiutzrinr/ mid Forsttechnologie (2d ed. Berlin, 1901) ; Dcr alcademische Forstgarten hi'i fliranen riln Dcmonntiations- und Versiichsfeld (2d ed. (Jiessen, 1890): Die Eigenschaften und (lux forslliche Vcrhnltrn dcr rrichtigern in Dciitschhnid vorkoniDiriiden Holzarten (2d ed. Berlin, 1895) ; Fnci/klo/uidir und Metliodologie dcr Forstwissenschnft (Xordlingen, 1885-92). HESSE, hes (Ger. Hessen) . A former land- graviate ot Germany. The region was occupied in early times by the Cdtti or Chatti (German Kntlen). Their first appearance in history is in A.D. 15, when Germanicus destroyed their ]irincipal settlement. iIattium, the site of the present villages of Grosse and Klein Sladcn, near Gudensberg, in the Prussian district of Cassel. In the course of time the Catti bec«me merged in the Frank isli tribes, who. when they migrated into Gaul, left Hesse uninhabited, whereupon the Saxons took possession. The Carolingians ruled the country by means of counts, and the power soon became hereditary in one family, tlie head of this family being elected in 911 King of Germany as Conrad I. After his death and that of his brother Ebcr- hard. the country fell into many divisions, un- til in ll.'i7 Count Louis I. of Thuringia mar- ried the daughter of Count Geiss IV. of Gudens- berg, who belonged to the most powerful family in Hesse, and soon thereafter the Hessian nobles accepted Louis as their overlord ; but the Thu- ringian line of lan<lgraves died out in 1247, with Heinriel< Raspe, the opponent of Frederick II. In 120.3, after a long contest, Sophia, niece of Heinrich Raspe, obtained full possession of Hesse, and from lier sim and successor. Henrj' I.. surnamed the Child (died 130S), all the various branches of the Hessian family still trace their descent. His descendants added many valuable territories to their old patrimony. After the possessions of the house had been for a time divided, William II.. in 1500, was in complete control of all Hessian territories, to which he added Hombnrg, and in 1509 his five-year-old son, Pliilip the Magnanimous, succeeded him. He was declared of age in 1518, and thereafter played a very prominent role in German atTairs, and to some extent in Europe, heing a leader in the German Reformation. (See Plui-lP the MvoxANiMors and Li'tiier.) Philip, on his death, in 1567. divided his territory among his four sons. The eldest, William IV., obtained half of the Hessian domains, with Cassel for his residence; Louis, a fourth part, with Mar- burg; Philip, an eighth part, with Rheinfels; and (ieorge, an eighth part, with Darmstadt. The death of Philip and Louis left all the Hessian dominions in the two main lines of Hesse-Cas- sel and Hesse-Darmstadt. See Hesse (grand duchy) ; Hesse-Cassel. HESSE. A grand duchy of Germany, the eighth (Jerman State in size, lying between lati- tudes 49" 24' and 50° 50' N. and longitudes 7" 51' and 9' 39' E., consisting of two main divisions and eleven small exclaves. The northern main division, called the Province of L'pper Hesse (Oberhcssen), lies in the Prussian Province of Hesse-Nassau, and the southern between Prussia, Bavaria, Baden, and the Bavarian Palatinate (Map: Germany, C 4). Area, 2965 square miles. The Rhine traverses for about 55 miles the southern division of the duchy, which consists of the provinces of Rhine-Hesse and Starken- burg. Five of the exclaves border on, or are inclosed by, Baden and Wiirttemberg. The re- mainder of the exclaves are within Prussian ter- ritory. PuYsiCAL Feature.s AND CLIMATE. The sur- face consists of level, hilly, and mountainous sec- tions. Ilpper Hesse is moimtainous, and is identified with the basaltic Vogelsberg, situated in the east, and rising to a height of about 2500 feet. From this group radiate spurs and out- liers west and north through the province, leav- ing in the south the Wetterau, an extensive, undulating, and arable tract of Upper Hesse. Into the southwestern part of the province ex- tends the northern end of the Taunus. about 2000 feet high. The eastern half of Starkcnburg is also mountainous, being occupied by the Oden- wald Range, witn four peaks reaching about 2300 feet — Kriihberg, Hardberg. etc. The west- ern part is in the Rhine valley proper, and in the nmth lies the low region bordering on the Main. Rhine-Hesse is mostly in the Rhine plain. The western part of this province consists of a rolling country of hills. Tlie Hardt Moitntains enter on the southwest, but their highest point (the Kiehelberg) has an altitude of only about 1050 feet. The Rhine and the Main form the north border of the southern division of Hesse. The whole grand duchy, except the Vogelsberg dis- trict, belongs to the Rhine basin. The Neckar barely reaches Hesse on the south. Other Rhine tributaries from the right are the Lahn. the Weschnilz. and the Modau. On the left the Rhine receives the Selz and Nahe. To the Weser basin section of Upper Hesse belong the Fulda and the Schwalm. The climate differs somewhat in t4ie two main divisions of the duchy, being rather raw and cold in most of the northern part, while the southern division (except the Odenwald) and the Wetterau have the #iild clinuite of Southern Germany. The mean annual temperature in Darmstadt is 49° F. — in sunuuer 65°. in winter 29.7°; average rainfall. 33 inches. There arc several mineral springs and saltwater baths in Hesse: namely, at Salzluuisen. Bad Xauheim. etc. Indi'Stries. The principal industry is agri- culture, the soil tieing for the most part well adapted for farming. The land is dividod into small holdings, as shown by the fact that out of the 133.840 holdings in the year 1895, over