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* HYENA. 389 Consult: Blanford, Fauna of British India: Mammals (London, 1888-91) ; Zoology of Abys- sinia (London, 1870) ; and the writings of sports- men-travelers in Africa and India. Sec Plate of Hyenas. HYENA DOG. See Huntixg Dog. HYERES, e'ar'. A town in the Department of Var, France, three miles from the Mediterrane- an and eight miles east of Toulon (Map: France, K 8 ). It is a fashionable winter resort pic- turesquely situated on the southern slope of a castle-crowned hill 070 feet high, in a district noted for its mild climate, sheltered location, and luxuriant vegetation. Its chief buildings are the restored twelfth-century cathedral Church of i^aint Louis, the hotel de ville. public library, and museum. There is a considerable export trade in flowers, fruits, cork, and salt, the exten- sive salt marshes in the vicinity yielding over 20,000 tons annually. The neighborhood has the remains of a Roman towu. In mediieval times, as Hiedera, Hy&res was a favored port of call for Oriental pilgrims, and as late as the four- teenth century was of greater importance than Toulon. Population, in 1901, 17,659. HYGEIA, hl-ge'ya (Lat., from Gk. 'Tyleca, Eygieia, 'Tyeia, Hygeia. health, from vyir/c, hygifs, healthful; connected with Skt. ugra, mighty). In the ordinary tradition, the goddess of health, daughter of Asclepius. and honored with him at Athens, Epidaunis, Sicyon. Corinth, Titane, and elsewhere. She was joined with the god of healing, Amphiaraus, at Oropus, and on the Acropolis at Athens was an ancient cult of Athena Hj'geia, to whom a statue and altar were erected after the great plague, and be- fore the introduction of the worship of Asclepius in Athens. In the art of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.. Hygeia is represented as a maiden, but of the fully developed and vigorous type, while later her form is more youthful and girlish. She is represented in company with her father, or sometimes alone, with the snake by her side or drinking from the patera in her hand. Hygeia seems to be an originally independent di- vinity, but later came into connection with vari- ous deities who had become associated with the cure of disease. HYGIENE, hl'ji-en (from Fr. hygiene, from Gk. vyuaivtiv, hygiainein, to be healthy, from vyii/^, hygies, healthy). The branch of medi- cal science which deals with the presen-ation of health. Within its scope are all measures taken for the acquisition and preservation of health, except those involving purely medical and surgical means. Hygienic measures were a part of religious observance among the Jews, as well as among the people of .Assyria and India, and their enforcement lay with the priests. Among the Greeks these duties were transferred to the physicians. Hippocrates's work on Air, Water, and Places was largely responsible for this change. (See Hippocr.tes. ) In the twenty- second book of Homer's Odyssey there is an ac- coimt of the sanitary precautions taken by Ulys- ses after the killing of the wooers. The placeof slaughter was cleansed and disinfected by scrap- ing .Tnd washing, and by burning sulphur. Little attention appears to have been paid to the in- fected individual in the olden time, when the panic ensuing upon a plague cau.sed expulsion or expatriation of the sufferers. Laws were framed HYGIENE. to protect the public from lepers, for example, by expelling them and burning their hou.ses. In 1423 Venice established its first lazaretto, and in 1485 a i)ermanent health magistracy was cre- ated in that city. In 1532 an act of Parliament authorized in England the issue of commissions of sewers for "the overlooking of sea banks and sea walls, and the cleansing of rivers, public streams, and ditches." In 1552 Shakespeare's father was fined for throwing filth into the street, and again in 1558 for not keeping his gutter clean. Roman law provided no protection for the in- dividual. Greek and Latin writers treated of diet and exercise for the patrons of literature, for princes, and for the wealthy. From the .school of Salemum, about the twelfth century, issued the Code of Ilcalth, which was printed i'n 1480, and for two centuries thereafter remained the standard work on personal hygiene. Despite the stringent laws seeking to prevent plague which were enacted by James I., and the establish- ment of lazarettos into which ships discharged their cargoes for detention and airing, .serious outbreaks of the dread disease occurred in 1G25 and 1G29-31. In 1665. according to Macaulay's estimate, the number of deaths from plague dur- ing one period of six months reached more than 100,000. At the close of the eighteenth century little ad- vance had been made in hygienic knowledge be- yond the discovery by Woodhall, in 1617, that scurvy was prevented by the use of lemon-juice; the discovery by Morton, in 1097, that foul air produced disease in some way; and the introduc- tion from China into England in 1717 of inocula- tion with smallpox virus by Lady JIary Wortley Montagu. Differentiation of fevers began early in the nineteenth century. Following the cholera epidemic in London of 1831-32, newly awakened interest resulted in the formation in 1838 of a system of registration of deaths in that city. The establishment of the fact of water-borne diseases was made by the investigations of Dr. .lohn Snow into the cholera outbreak in London, in 1848-49. From this date investigation has been systematically pursued into the causes of death ; the causes of disease, its spread, and the agencies that produce it; and into the conditions that promote health. The use of the microscope, the study of bactcriologj', of pathology, of the chemistry of food, of climate, and of exercise have all added to the knowledge that has in- creased the useful application of hygienic prin- ciples in our day. Sanitary laws have been enacted which control unhealthful agencies and aim to safeguard and regulate commercial as well as domestic relations. Hygiene may be variously classified, according to its relatiors, and the objects in view. There is the hygiene of the individual, of the family, and of the municipality or State; which may be denominated personal, domestic, and public hy- giene. Person.*.! Hygiexe. This includes the study of ( 1 ) Foorf, including water and beverages. Food should be adapted to the sea.«on of the year, the age, occupation, and the condition of health of the individual. An increa.se in the quantity of fruit and of water, a greater proportion of vege- tables, and smaller meals are desirable in hot weather, while an increase in meat and in cereals