Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/44

* HESIOD. 30 HESPERORNIS. {.■enealogical pot-m Nai'irditTia, fragments of which are embodied in Ihe Scliolia to ApoUoniiis Kho- dius. In later times a f,'iave of Ilesiod was to be seen in the niarketplaee at Orcliomenus, to which tradition said the poet's bones had been removed at the command of the Delphic Oracle. Uesiod was the founder of Greek didactic poetry, as Homer of epic song. The following works are extant under his name: ^Vorh^s and DaysCEl'ia Kai 'Uuipai) in SiS verses, which the Bceolian tradition on Helicon regarded as hi^ only genuine work. The first part of its name (ll'or/.sl comes from the directions for vari- ous kinds of labor which it contains; the second (Dni/.s) is due to the calendar it gives, showing the days of the inonth on which certain tasks should "be performed. The poem in its present form no doubt contains some later additions, but scholars are not agreed as to the extent of these interpolations. The Thcociony (Q(or,ovla) in 1022 verses is an attempt to bring Greek mythol- ogj- into an ordered system, and to incorpo- rate into the ranks of "the older divinities the new !»ods from abroad, which were not known to the Homeric poems. In it theosophic and cos- niogonic speculations are combined with ancient hymns and accounts of cults. I'nder the epic form Hesio<l gives a history of the creation and of the generations of the pods; the close of the poem contains a list of the daughters of Zeus, who bore sons to mortals. We have to regret the loss of the Catalotjiir of Women fruraiitui/ Knrd- ?^os), which gave a list of the mortal women who had tiecome the mothers of heroes, and some ac- count of these heroes' exploits. The poem was di- vided into five books, of which probably the last two bore the special title Il'<rai from the fact that each division liegan with 1) oiij, 'or such a woman.' The extant Kliirld of llrrculn) {'AffwU 'HpaK'ioi^) in 4S0 verses borrowed its introduc- tion from the fourth book of the preceding work. The greater part of the poem is occupied with an account of the shield olf Hercules, which is an inferior imitation of the description of Achilles's shield in the Iliad. There were a num- ber of other Hesiodic poems in antiquity; of these only scanty fragments are left. The Contest Be- iirrrn Ilomer and Ffe-iiod {'ri/ii/pov xai 'liaiMov 'Aj'tii') usually printed with Hesiod's works is a product of the time of Hadrian. Hesiod exhibits none of the splendid imagina- tion and vivid power of Homer; his verses are filled with savings and homely precepts; they offer a calendar and a mv-thology for the com- mon people. But the form is the same as that of the Homeric poems and the dialect on the whole shows little divergence. Hesiod was. however, highly prized for his moral precepts, and the poems plaved an important part in Greek edu- cation. Their influence, especially that of the Works and Days, was not confined to Bmotia and Tx)cris. where a Hesiodic school developed, but extended to Tonia, and can he seen in the develop- ment of iambic poetry. The poems formed the subject of learned comment from the Alexandrian Age to the Byzantine period. The best editions are by T>ennep (.msterdam. 1843): SchJ'.mann (Berlin. 1S69) : Finch (Berlin. 1874) : Gr.ttling- Flach (Leipzig. HTSt : B/Jich (Leipzicr. 1884); Sittl (.thcns. 1800). There are translations of the Works and Days by Thapman (London, 18.58) : of the entire poems by Elton (2d ed., London, 1832). and by Banks' (London, 1892). Consult also: Fick, Uesiod's Oedichte (Gottin- gen, 1887) ; Grote's Greece, vols. i. and ii. passim (5tii ed., London, 1888); and the histories of Greek literature. HESPE'RIA (Lat., from Gk.'EtrirtpJa, from iairipa, /nv/.tn/, lairtpof, lirsiiirus. west, Lat. les/ii r, evening; proliiiiily connected ultimately with (JllG. icislan, (ici. W'cslin, Kng. insl, and with (ik. 4ffTi>, usty, city, Skt. rrt.s/u, house, from rus, to dwell). The land of the west, a term ap- plied by the ancient (ireek poi'ts to Italy, and by the Koman writers stmietimes to Italy and .some- times to the Iberian Peninsula. HESPERIDES, hes piVl-dez (Lat., from Gk. 'EjTrepiSti, III vpt ; i</c«, from iairipa, hcspcra, evening), lu the earliest version, the daughters of Xight, who on an island far iK'Vond the weM- ern ocean guard with the dragon Ladon the golden apples, symbol of love and fruit fulness, which Ga-a produced as a wedding gift ^ir Zeua and Hera. The number and names varied, but the common version .seems to have known three, -Egle, Eiythca, and Hesperethusa. Later gene- alogists represented them as daughters of Atlas, who was also localized in the far West. With the aid of Atlas Hercules secured three of the apples for Eurysthcus, but they were restored by Athena. HESPERIDES. The title of the collection of Itolicrl Ihrrick's poems published in 1G48. It contains his most charming lyrics and the larger l>art. of his work, filling two volumes of the fine edition )iy Grosurt (1870). HES'PERIS. See Damk's-Violet. HESPERORNIS, li.'s'prr-nr'-iis ( NeoLat., from (ik. ?<7-ir«pos, hcsprros. west + dpi-is, orni.s, bird). A |)rimitive. flightless, toothed sea-bird, found fossil in the Middle ("retjiceous shales of western Kansas, and. excepting .ich:coplcrjx, the oldest bird known. Tlie first skeleton was discov- ered in 1871 by Prof. O. C. Marsh, near the Smoky Hill Kiver, in marine deposits of yellow chalk and calcareous shales, and was named Uesperornis reyalisi. Several other species have since become known ; and Enaliornis. of the Up- per Greensand of Cambridge. England, appears to be a closely allied form. It was a large, well- feathered water-bird, having the general habits THE iieSl'ERORyiS. After a rtrawlnpr l)V.Ii)«cpti (il.fson, n>pref>entlnBan Ideal flguff. In the attitiidi' of swiiniiiliig; ba«ed upen skeletons Id the National Museum. of a loon, perhaps, ranging the open sea, and scrambling upon land only for breeding. Its food was mainly fishes, which it pursued by swimming and diving, for it had no wings. There is reason to believe that this winglessness was