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* HUNG-WU. 328 HUNS. princes, and set nine of them as governors over as many provinces. He died in 1398, and is known in history as Taitsu, his Temple name, lie is popularly known, however, us the 'Beggar King.' in allusion to his early poverty. See Remusat, ouveaux mdlangcs asiatiqucs (2 vols., Paris. 1820). HUNKERS (perhaps from Dutch honk, sta- tion, home). In American political history, the name applied for some year.s after 1843 to that part of the Democratic Party in the State of New York which stood for conservatism, and was ar- rayed against the radical faction of the same party, known as the Barnburners (q.v.). Fac- tional ditTerences had arisen in the party prior to 1843, but open and avowed antagonism may be said to date from that year. The Hunkers ad- hered to the regular Democratic Party in the Presidential contest of 1848, while their oppo- nents united with the Free Soilers, and with them nominated Van Burcn. After 1852 the two factions acted more or less in hannony in both State and National politics. Among the leaders of the Hunkers were Horatio Seymour, William L. Marcy. Samuel Beardsley. Edwin Croswell, and Daniel S. Dickinson. The name "Hunkers' was also applied at times to the Con- servative element of the Denux-ratic Party in other States. HUN'NERIC, or HUNEBIC. King of the Vandals In .frica (?-4H4). lie was the son of tJcnseric, whom he succeeded in 477. In 435 he had been sent to Rome as a hostage for his father's fidelity. One of his wives was a daugh- ter of Theodoric, King of the Visigoths. Sus- pecting her of a plot against him. Hunneric cut off her nose and ears and sent her home. Another and later wife was Eudocia, the daughter of the Roman Emperor Valentinian III. HUNNEUS, i.in-na'Ms, Ceorc.e (1831—), A Chilean statesman, born in Santiago. He was educated there and became professor of jurispni- dence and political economy in the university the year after his graduation ( 1858). A fine speaker and a leader of the Liberal opposition, he was sent into exile by President Montt. but improved his time by studying the government and people of the United States. Recalled to his native land in 1801, he was once more sent to the House of Representatives and became its Speaker, as well as the .Secretary of Public Instruction and .lus- tiee. Besides lecturing in the Santiago Uni- versity, where he was rector, he continued to occupy high positions in the Chilean Govern- ment, such as president of the Senate and Secre- tary of Foreign Affairs. He published Uistoria poUtica de Chile (1SG2) ; La administraciin Montt (1863); fjistoria de la guerra con En- paiia (1860): and Bistoria de la guerra del Pacifico (1883). HUNOLD, hoo'nftlt. CuRis'nAN Friedbicii (IfiSO 1721). A German author, known by liis pseudonym Menantcs. He was born at Wanders- leben. and was educated at .lena. But means to carry on his studies failed him. and in 1700 he went to Hamburg, then the literarj" centre of Germany. Here the success of his novel. Die rerliebte und gnlante Welt (1700), put an end to his precarious teachinff and writing. This was quickly followed by Der europiiiwhen Bofe Liebm- und Beldengeachichte (1704) and by Hatirischer Roman (1705), which told so plainly the scandal of Hamburg — which Hunold knew only too well — that lie was forced to leave the city (1700). He went to Thuringia; published Die allerneucate Art zur reinen iiiid galanleii I'oesic :u gvlangen (1706), besides textbooks in rhetoric and style ; and after many wander- • ings settled in Halle, where he became an in- structor in literature, poetry, and jurisprudence, and where his works lost the earlier freedom and obscenity. Consult: Wedel. Gehcime, Xachrirhtcn und liricfc von Herrn ilcnanles Leben und Schrif- Icn (Cologne, 1731), and Vogel, Christian Fried- rich Ilunold (Leipzig, 1897). HUNS (Lat. riunni, Chunni, Gk. OJn-oi, Oannui. ^ovvvoi, Chuunnui, probably from Chin. Hiong-nu, name of a powerful Tatar" tribe). The name of a nati(m of antiquity, which made re- peated incursions up<m tlic Koiiian dominiipiis, and under Attila (q.v.), the most renowned of its leaders, brought the empires of both the East and the West to the verge of destruction. The Huns are generally considered to be a peojple (or rather a collection of tribes) of Turko- fatar allinities, the descendants perhaps of the Hiong-Nu, who figure in (Chinese annals as mak- ing incursions and founding States in Central .sia as early as the second centuri- n.c. Some authoriiies think that the bulk of Attila's hordes were of Turkic- stock, and Theophanes in the eighth centurj' writes of 'the Huns whom we com- monly call Turks.' The distinction between 'white' and 'black' Huns, made by the mediaval writers, has led Bloch (1901) to put forward the view that we have here a dark race in process of transformation into a white one. but the uncer- tainty of the connotation of these epithets makes such a startling view even less proliahle. Like the modern Magyars. Osmanii 'I'lirks. etc., the ancient Huns no doubt assimilated themselves to the populations of their environment, and in Eu- rope lost more and more of the distinctly Asiatic character. The 'white' Huns were probably not a little mixed with Asiatic Aryan blood (Iranian, etc.), before they entered upon their career in Europe. About B.C. 200 the Huns overran thi' Chinese Empire, defeated the Chinese armies in numerous engagements, and drove the Emperor Kaoti himself to a capitulation and treaty. Dur- ing the reign of Wu-ti (B.C. 141-87), the power of the Huns was much broken. Eventually they separated into two distinct camps, one of which, amounting to about 50.000 families, went south- ward, while the other endeavored to maintain itself in its original seat, but finally the most warlike went west and northwest in search of new homes. Of those that went northwest a large number established them.selves for a while on the hanks of the Volga. They then advanced into the territories of the Alani. a people dwellins be- tween the Volga and the Don. .■Vt what period this took place is uncertain, but probably it was early in the fourth century. The Alani resisted the incursions of the Huns until at length a bat- tle was fought on the banks of the Don, in which the Alani King was slain, and his army utterly routed : the vast majority of the survivors joined the invaders. The Huns now invaded the country of the Goths, whose aged King, Hermannrich, roused himself to meet the invaders, but in vain. His successor. Withimir, encountered the Huns in a pitched battle, in which he was himself slain, and his countrymen utterly routed. The Goths