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* HULSEAN LECTURES. 304 HUMANISM. advocate was changed into the Hulsean professor- ship of divinity. The ollice of llulsuan lecturer, or prcaclier, is an annual one; and the duty of the lecturer is to |)reaeh not fewer than four, nor more than si. sermons before the university in the course of Ihe year. The list of llulsean lectures, from their he^iiniiiufj in 1820 down to 1893, is given in Hurst. lAlera'ure of Theology, pp. 32-34. To which add: 1804-95, A. Barry, The Kcclcsiasticnl Kxpnnsion of Enyland (1895); 1896-97, S. Cheetham, The Mysteries, I'aiinn and Chrislian (1897): 1898-99, J. M. Wilson, The (lospel of ihe Atonement (1899) ; 1900-01, F. U. t'hase. Credibility of the Book of the Acts of the Apostles (1902). HULTSCH, Fkiedrich (1833—). A German philnli);,'isl, liurn in Dresden. He was educated at Leipzij;, where he taught in the Nikolaischule, and after several years at Zwickau liecanu- pro- fessor in the Kreuzschulc of Dresden, of which he was rector from 18liS to his retirement, in 1889. Hultsch's especial study was ancient mathematics. He edited the Scripfores Metro- logici (1864-G6); Ueroiiis fleometriea ct Stereo- metriea (18fi4); Poliihii Hisloria: (1807-72); Pappus (1870-78). for a large part of the text an edilio princcps; and Aulolyei ile Sphwra qucF Moretur Libtr (188.5) ; and wrote the very valuable Griechische und romische Metrologie (1862, 2d ed. 1882): Die Elemente der agyptischen Teilungsreehmimj (1895), and Die Gewichte des Altertums (1898). HUMAITA, w-ma'(^-tii'. A town and fort of Parajruay, situated at the southwestern end of the country, on the river I'arajniay. near its con- fluence with the ParaiiA (Map: Parafjiiay, F 9). Duriuf; the War of the Triple .lliance it was be- sieged for over a year by the forces of Argentina and Brazil, and finally surrendered in 1808. The fortitii-ations were raz<'cl at the end of the war (1808-70). The surrcnmding region yields rich crops of cotton, tobacco, cofTec, and sugar. Popu- lation, about 4000. HUMANE ASSOCIATION, American. A federation of s(]cieties of the L nited States for the prevention of cruelty to animals and children, formed at Cleveland. Ohio, in 1877. at a meeting held to consider the maltreatment of animals in transit between the East and West. It became a national organization, whose purpose was at first to deal with inter.state traffic. It sent rep- resentatives to induence legislation at Washing- ton, and its agents investigated the abuses which prevailed on lines of railways transporting cat- tle. It offered a prize of $5000 for the best model of a eattle-car that would make possible the feed- ing, watering, and resting of cattle in transit, as the result of whi<'h many improved cars were brought into use. In 1884 it won a suit in Mas- sachusetts against two leading railroads for vio- lation of the law. thus establishing an important precedent. For many years its purpose has been that of a federation of all local humane societies. It carries on considerable work of an edtieational nature. It has instituted inquiries in the United States and abroad on the subject of vivisection in the schools and colleges. Prizes were offered, in 1900, to college and medical students, for es- says on vivisection, its abuses and their remedy. Its most recent undertaking is the raising of money to organize humane societies in States where they do not now exist. The secretary is Francis H. Rowley, Brookline, Mass. See Cbuel- TV TO CiiiLDBEx, and Cruelty to Animals, Pre- vention OF. HUMANE SOCIETY, Uoyai.. An organiza- tion lor the recovery of persons apparently drowned, founded in England in 1774. It main- tains receiving houses in appropriate places along the Thames, anil near canal banks, and in various parts of London. The chief station is on Serpentine Hiver in Hyde Park, on ground given by George HI., and was erected in 1794. The .seal of the Society bears the uniipie motto, Laleat iSeintillula Forsan ('a small spark may jierhaps lie hid'). HUMANISM (frcjm human, OF.. Fr. humain, from I. at. Iiiiinanus, relating to man, from homo, OLal. hctiiu, man ; connected with AS. guma, man, Gk. x*'*'>'i chlhon, Skt. ksam, earth). A name applied to tl>e literary movement at the elos(> of the Middle Ages, whose object was the revival of the pagan learning of classical an- tiipiily. rile humanists from the beginning divided into two divergent schools, one of which sought to engraft the classical learning on the tree of Christianity, while the other endeavored to revive not mendy the literature of classical antiquity but, through this, the pagan spirit of the ancient heathen cults. The first humanistic movement began in the fourteenth century in Italy, where the political and social develop- ments were preparing the way for a dejiarture from media'val traditions. The numerous small Italian States, despotic and republican alike, fa- vored the development of individuality at a time when feudalism (q.v. ), still in existence in other parts of Kurope, gave less opportimity for the exerci.se of individual activities. The ferment of Italian ]iolitics gave the individual freer play, and the sense of personal independence was ra])- idly tending to looser social and political ideals. Paganism in Italy, though overpowered, had never been completely exterminated. It had lived on in popular legend and retrospective pride of race, and in countless associations connected with the Roman Forum, the Coliseum, and other historic monuments. But these survivals from ancient Kome were an insignificant moment in mediaeval Italian culture: the pagan past did not seriously inllucnce men's minds till new social and political conditions had prepared the way for the revival of classic;il Ideals. (See Kenai.'<- .sance.) The exile of the Papal See from Rome for nearly three-quarters of a century (see Avi- gnon) must also have acted as a removal of the great check against the recrudescence of. paganism. In the fourteenth century all Italy was astir with the new life. Dante, as is shown in his homage to Vergil, felt the new im- pulse. Petrarch, who may be regarded as the first Christian humanist, threw himself into the van of the new movement. His passion for an- tiquity and his intolerance of certain forms of medi.Tvalism were boundless. He devoted great energv' to the discovery and rescue of Latin mantiscripts. to the collection of old Roman coins and other antiquities, and to scathing denuncia- tion of scholastic philosophy, jurisprudence, and medicine. But while the niedi:rvalist had looked forward to an immortality beyond the grave, the pagan humanist would be satisfied with nothing less than an earthly immortality, achieved by poetry like Vergil's and prose like Cicero's. And