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* HtTGITENOTS. 300 HUGUES. Au. Mission.) The law of 1878, giving full religious liberty, opened the dour to an aetive home-mission work, already initiated in 1872 by the Interior Mission. Social questions have large- Iv occupied the attention of Protestants. E. de Pressens.-, pastor, historian, Senator, led the movement for the purilieation of the press, a movement which in 1902 took on new life under the energetic action of Pastor Wilfred Monod, of Rouen. Charles Robert introduced and advocated profit-sharing. Jules Siegfried headed the move- ment 'for improved WDrkingnien's dwellings; Gide and Boyer that for business cooperation; l/-on Say that for Sunday rest: Richard ad- dington that for labor unions. Pr. Legrain has iH'en prominent in the temperance movement; Pastor Robin in that for prison reform and 'as- sistance by work;' Pastor Arbourg in that for benefit associations; Pastor Fallot in that for public morality. Protestant pastors have a league for the study of social questions. A large proportion of the "younger pastors, led by Elie Gounelle, of Roubaix. and Wilfred :Monod, with many of the younger laymen, arc actively pro- moting the movement for social Christianity, which seems better adapted than any other movement to make a stand against the rapidly growing anti-religious socialism. Among the ac- tivities of these Social Christians is the founding of -solidarities'— social settlements distinguished not only by their evangelistic character, but by the prominence given to 'mutuality.' to works of economic betterment, and 'get-together' methods of bringing class into normal relations with class. The latest fisjures for French Protestantism (census of 18031 put the number at 700.000. a gain of 17.000 over the census of 1800. Of these about .')(i0 000 are in the Reformed (Calvinistic) Church, 80,000 in the Lutheran. 70.000 in the Free churches, and 4000 each in the Methodist and Baptist churches. The number of pastors in the Reformed Church has increased from 72 to about 1200. The career of French Protestantism has been veT>- closely inttrwoven with the modern political development of the country. Though a small mi- nority, it has always been aggressive and resolute in maintaining its' position, ilany distinguished men have appeared in its ranks throughout its Iiistory. In education, law. finance, and reform it has' taken a prominent part. In the founding of savings banks, the abolition of the slave trade, the revival of various industries. French Protes- tants have ever been foremost, and to-day are a verj- infiuential element throughout France. Btbi.ioor.pht. The standard history in Eng- lish is the series of volumes by II. M. Baird. which are an admirable product of American scholarship: Bistoru of the Rise of the Buflfienotx of Franee (New York, 1870) : The Huguenots and Benry of y'avarre (ib..l88fi) ; The Bugiienols and the Revocation of the Edict of Santes (ib., 1895). Consult, also: C. W. Baird. History of the Buguenot Emigratinn to America (Xew York, I'SS.i) ; Smiles. The Buguenot» in Eng- land (American ed.. with an appendix relat- ing to the Huguenots in America. New York, 1868) : Willert, Bcnrj/ of .Yatnrre and the Buguenots in France (ib.. 1893), a convenient little volume, popular in treatment ; Black- burn, Admiral Coliany and the Rise of the Buguenots (Philadelphia. 1869); Puaux, Bis- toire de la reformation frantaise (Paris, 18.59- 04) ; Meaux, Lea luttea rcligieuses en France au .WUme si'Jclc (Paris, 1870); Kcrvjn de Let- tenhove, Les Buguenots ct ks ducux. loGOS'i (Bruges, ISSS-S.'ii ; Durand, Bistoirc du Protes- tantisme franfais pendant la RHolution et I'Empire (Paris, 1902): Ffdiee. Les Protestants d'autrefois; Vie inlMcure dcs fgliscs, mwura et usages (4 vols., Paris, 1897-1902). HUGTJENOTS, u'g'"*'- ^'^S- •■^" op^^^. '" five acts bv .Meyerbeer, with words by Serilie, first produced in Paris in 1830. It is the first of the historical, as distinguished from the pure- ly romantic operas. The plot deals with the persecutions of the French Huguenots in the .M'yentccnth century. HTJGTTENOT SOCIETY OF ABTEBICA, The. An hercdilarv palriulic society, organized in New York Citv on April 12, 1883, and incor- porated on June i2, 188.5. Its objects are to per- petuate the memory and to foster and promote the principles and virtues of the Huguenots; to publicly commemorate at stated times the prin- cipal events in the history of the Huguenots; and to collect and preserve all existing docu- ments, inonuiiienls. etc., relating to the geneal- ogy- or history of the Huguenots of America. Membership 'is extended to descendants of Huguenot families which emigrated to America or to other countries i)rior to the promulga- tion of the Edict of Toleration, November 28. 1787, as well as to writers who have made the history of the Huguenots a special sub- ject of study. The insignia of the society con- sists of a badge, pendent from a gold dove with spreading wines surmounted by a rising sun. and worn on a watered-silk ribbon of white, bordered with red. while, and blue. The badge itself i' of gold, surrounded by a wavy, ornamental border, and bearing on the obverse the device of Mar- giierite de Valois. a marigold turning toward the sun. and a ribbon with the motto. -Non Inferior* Secutus," while on the reverse is the name of the society, as well as the name of the member and number of the insignia. This society has its headquarters in New York City, where a v:il- uable library, consisting of Huguenot books, man- uscripts, etc.. has been collected. There are branch societies in several States and cities, no- tably in Virginia, Pennsylvania. South Carolina. and'Ncw- Jersey. Its publications are known as ro;/<-c(ion.s of the Huguenot Soeietg of America. In 1898 it celebrated the tercentenary anniversary of the promulgation of the Edict of Nantes, at which delegates from societies abroad were pres- ent. and a memorial volume containing a full account of the exercises was published in 1000. HUGUENOT SOCIETY OF LONDON, The. An oruaniznlion established in ISS."). by descend- ants of the HuLmenot refugees. Its objects arc the collection and puldishing of knowledge re- lating to the history of the Huguenots. The so- ciety^consists of an" unlimited number of fellows and' twenty honorary fellows, and meets four times a year, with a "summer conference at some place of historic interest. The society issues annual volumes of "Proceedings." and has also published fifteen volumes of church registers, lists of aliens, and letters and dispatches. HUGUES, ug, Dominhqct: Jean Baptiste ( 1849_) . A French sculptor, born at Marseilles. He studied under Dumoi.t anl Bonnassieux at the Ecole des Beaux-.^rts, and made his first sue-