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* HUDSON. 285 HUDSON BAY. the rise and development of the American news- paper. HUDSON, (iEOKGE (1800-71). An English speculator, known as the 'railway king.' He acquired a fortune as a lincn-ilrapcr. and at the age of twenty-seven inlierited £30,000. Invest- ing in railways, he soon carried out large sclienu's of annexation and extension, crusliing roads and buying up embarra.ssed lines. He was three times elected Lord Mayor of York, and was sent to Parliament. In 1847 the value of railway property fell rapidly, and it was fouml riating large sums to his personal use. lie spent his last twenty years in contesting lawsuits. HUDSON, He.nry ( ?-1611 ). An English navi- gator. Ilf is first mentioned 'is the commander of the ship Hopeful, sent in Ma}', 1G07, by the Muscovy Companj' in quest of a northeast pas- sage to the Spice Islands. After a voyage of four and a half months, during which he touched the coasts of Greenland and Spitzbergen. and sailed as far nortli as 80° 2.3', he returned to England. The next year he sailed again under the auspices of the Muscovy Company, and reached Nova Zend)la, attempting in vain to force a passage through the Vaigatch or Kara Strait, in the expectation of finding liimself within easy reach of the Pacific. This voyage proved as unsuccessful as the first. His next undertaking was nuide in behalf of the Dutch East India Company. In their employ lie sailed from .Amsterdam on March 25. 1G09, with two ships, the (load Hope and the Hnlf Moon. He made Nova Zembla. intending to try again the i)assage of the Vaigatch, but his crew re- Ixdled. and the flood Hope returned to Holland. Ihuison. in the Half Moon, crossed the .tlantic, and sighted land in the latitude of Nova Scotia. He then sailed south as far as latitude 3.5°, and again filming north, earefiillv examined the coast up to Sandy Hook, which he reached on Septi'iuber l'.ith. A month was spent in ex- ploring the Hudson RiA'er, which the Half Moon ascended to the present site of Albany. He reached England on NovenitH-r "tli. having satis- fied himself that the storj- of a sjreat strait lead- ing through the continent somewhere in the latitude of 40° was false. In 1010 he set out once more, this time to search for a northwest passage under the patronage of an association of English gentlemen. He left Englaml in .pril, and by .fune 10th had readied the strait which now bears his name. Passing into the bay be- yond (Hudson Hay), he spent three months in exploring its coasts and islands. Early in November his vessel was frozen in. The winter seems to have been one of great suffering. Pro- visions were scarce, and disseii-ions arose among the sailors. Late in .Tune. 1(111. a part of the crew mutinied, seized and bound Hudson, his son, and seven others of the ship's company, and l>iitting them into the small boat, .set them adrift. They were never seen again. A few wretched survivors from among those on board the ship reached England. For an account of Hudson, consult the introduction to .sher, Hrn- ry Hudxon, tin- Xnrinnlor. edited for the Haklu,-t Society (London. ISfiO). The volume includes reprints of the earliest accounts of his voyages, both English and Dutch. HUDSON, He.nry Nobman (1814-86). An Aiutrican Shakespearean scholar and editor, born at Cornwall, .Addison Co.. Vt. In early life he worked as a baker and a wheelwright. He gradiuited from Middlcluiry College, Vermont, in 1840, and then tauglit school m Kentucky and Alabama. He presently became an authority of considerable note on Shakespeare, lectured widely on his works, and was appointed a pro- fessor in Boston University. Among his works in this field are: Lectures on. tihukcspcare (2 vols., 1848); a valuable annotated edition (11 vols., 18.51.50) ; and Shiikeapeure : Hin Life. Art, and Charactcr.f (2 vols., 1872). Having entered the priesthood of the Protestant Episcopal Church, he was for some years editor of the Cliurehnian ; was rector at Litchfield, Conn., 1859-00. and served as chaplain in the L'nion Army during the Civil War. On his return he published .1 Chaplain's Campuifin with General Butler (1805). He was author also of Ser- mon,<i (1874); Studies in Word.iuorth (1884); Essays til Education (1884) ; and other works. HUDSON, WiLUAM (c.l7.30-fl3). An English botanist, born at Kendal. He liecamc an apothe- cary, but devoted much time to botany, ento- mology, and other natural sciences. He is chiefly noted for his adaptation of the Linntean system of plant classification to the flora of Britain, which he published under the title, Flora Antjlica (1702). A second and greatly enlarged edition appeared in 1778. The genus Hudsonia was named by Linna-us in his honor. HUDSON, William Henry (1803—). An English author and professor of English litera- ture, born in London, and educated by private tutors. He was private secretary to Herbert S])encer, librarian of Sion College, London (1885- 80), and later of the London Citv Liberal Club (1880-90), and of Cornell University (1891-92). From 1892 to 1901 he was professor of English literature at Leiand Stanford. .1r.. University. His principal works, besides contributions to maga- zines, are: The Church and the Htagc (1886) : 4n Introduction to the Studt/ of Herbert Spencer (1893); Studies in Interpretation (1896); Idle Hours in a Library (1897) : The .S7i/rfi/ of Eng- lish Literature (1898): Sir Walter Scott (1900) : The Sphinx, and Other Poems (1900); The Satan of Thcoloq)/ (1901) ; and editions of Goldsmith's Vicar of'Wnkefield (1898) and of the Rofier de Coverley I'apers (1899). HUDSON BAY. . spacious landlocked gulf in the northeastern section of Canada, which may be regarded as an arm at once of the Arctic and the .Atlantic oceans (Map: North America, K 3). It communicates with the .Atlantic by means of Hudson Strait, and with t'.ie Arctic by Fox Channel and various passages to the north and west, which, notwithstjinding the compara- tive lowness of their latitude, have proved less practicable for navigation than the .Arctic Ocean itself. Hudson Bav extends from abcnit latitude 51° to about 64" 'N.. a distance of about 900 miles. Its area is about 400.000 square miles. Its depth is about 70 fathoms; on the west coast there is an average rise and fall of 1 1 to 12 feet at spring tides. The southern prolongation of Hudson Bay bears the name of .Tames Bay. Hudson Bay contains several islands, in addition to the large Southampton Island at its north end, but no rocks or shoals, and the region is