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* HUBE. 281 slaics (1880) ; and on Polish law in the thir- teenth (1874) and fourteenth (1881) centuries. HTJBEK, ii'bar', FBAxgois (1750-1831). A Swiss naturalist. He was bom in Geneva, in- herited a love of nature, as well as keen powers of observation from his father, studied physics under Saussure and chemistry with a relative. At fifteen he began to lose his sight. Before he became totally blind he married a Mile. Lullin. Her devotion, liis father's wealth, and the keen eyes of his man servant, Burnens, made it pos- sible for him to carrj' out his pioneer researches of the life and habits of bees. In 1792 he pub- lished at Geneva, under the title Soucelles obser- vations stir les abeilles, letters to Bonnet. In later works, especially on the origin of wax and the construction of cells, Huber was assisted by his son. Among his more important discoveries ■were the aerial impregnation of the queen bee (see Bees) ; the killing of the males by the workers ; the rivalry of the queens ; the use of the antennse; the origin of the propolis; and the ventilation of the hives which supplies fresh oxygen. HUBER, hoo'ber, Hans (1852—). A Swiss dramatic composer, born at Sehonewerd, near 01- ten. He studied at the Leipzig Conservatory, and became well known as a music-teacher, being ap- pointed in 1896 director of the music school at Basel. His operas Wellfruhling (1894) and Gudrun (1S96) were successfully produced at Basel, and his instrumental pieces are universally popular. Of especial excellence are his violin and piano concertos. HtTBER, JoHAN.XES (1830-79). A German theologian and philosopher, leader of the Old Catholics. He was born in Miinich : was educated there, and became professor of philosophy in the university in 1859, and a fearless opponent of the Ultramontanes. His work Die Philosophie der Kirchenv-ater (1859) was put on the Index Expurgatorius. He actively opposed the dogma of infallibility, and played a conspicuous part at the first general congress of the Old Catholics at Munich, in September, 1871. With Dollinger he wrote the famous Dcr Papst iind do.i Konzil von Janus (1869). Among his other works are: Jo- hannes Scotus Erigena ( 1861 ) ; Die Freiheiten der framiisischen Kirche (1870) ; Das Papsttum und der Staat ( 1870) ; Der Jesuitenorden ( 1873) ; and Der Pessimismus (1876). Consult Zirngiebl, Johannes Huber (Gotha. 1881). HUBER, ViCTOB AiMfi (1800-69). . German critic and social reformer, born at Stuttgart, lie studied medicine and modern languages at Wiirzburg and Giittingen; taught at Bremen, was appointed professor of the history of litera- ture and of modern history at Rostock in 1833. of the languages of Western Europe at Marburg in 1836, and in 1843 at Berlin. From 1S51 to 1869 he lived in retirement in the Harz Moun- tains. His writings on Spanish. French, and English literature include: Die Gesrhiehte des Cid (1829) : Croiiica del Cid (1844) ; De Primi- tiva Cantilenarnm Popnlariiim Epieariim {vu!go Romances) npud nisjtanos Forma (1844); Skiz- zen atis Spnnien (1828 sq.) ; Die neuromantische Pnesie in Frankreich (1833) ; and Die englischen T'nirersitiilen (1839-40). He was for a time a Conservative in politics, and founded the journal Jnniis ; but later became a Socialist. Consult: Elvers, Victor Aimi Buher (Bremen, 1872-74) ; HUBERT!. Jjiger, Victor Aime TJiibrr. ein Vork&mpfer der sozialcn Reform (Berlin, 1879). HUBERT, hu'bSrt. The custodian of Arthur, in Shakespeare's King John. The character is taken from that of Sir Hubert de Burgh, who died in 1243. HUBERT, u'bar'. Saint (?-728). A French bishop, founder of Li^ge. There are numerous legends concerning him, but there seems no doubt that he was of noble birth and was married to a lady of rank. It is related that the apparition of a crucifix upon the head of a stag which he was chasing one day turned him to the religious life. He became Bishop of Maestricht, and made so many converts in the district that he was called the Apostle of the Ardennes. He is the patron saint of the hunter, and his anniversary is made the occasion of curious ceremonies in French rural districts. Saint Hubert received from heaven a wonderful stole that is said to have re- tained its miraculous healing properties until the present day. HU'BERT DE BURGH (?-1243). An Eng- lish statesman. He held olfice under Richard the Lion-Hearted, and about 1202 was made, by King John, castellan of Falaise and guardian of Arthur of Brittany, the young son of .John's elder brother, Geoflfrey. The story of his refusal to obey the King's orders to blind the young prince, incorporated by Shakespeare in his King John, is unauthentic. In the struggle between John and the barons he sided with the King, but is mentioned as one of those by whose advice IMagna Charta was granted. In the same year he was made justiciar of England. He held Dover Castle against the Dauphin Louis in 1216, and on August 24th of the following year gained a notable naval victorj' over a French fleet which was bringing in reenforcements to Louis. After 1219, Hubert, with Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury', carried on the government for the young Henry III. He Avas a bitter opponent of the foreign party headed by Peter des Roches, Bishop of Winchester, and attempted to put an end to the system by which the wealth of thi English clergy was being taxed for the benefit of the Papal Court. His policy in general was dic- tated by a twofold desire to strengthen the power of the Crown and to further his own fortunes. During his terms of office he amassed vast riches through prudent marriages, as well as by arro- gating to himself lucrative offices and the guar- dianship of wealthy heirs. Members of his family were advanced to high positions in the Church. His ill success against the Welsh about the year 1228 afforded his enemies an opportunity for un- dermining his influence with the King. He was dismissed from office in 1232, and charged with malfeasance, murder, and treason. Though re- .stored to the King's favor for a short period, he never again exercised any influence in the Govern- ment. He died in London. May 12, 1243. Con- sult Stubbs, Constitutional History of Engl<ind. vol. ii. (4th ed.. Oxford. 1896). HUBERTI, v'bflr'tS'. L£oN Gustave (1843 — ). A Belgian composer, bom at Brussels. He won the Prix de Rome (1865) at the Bru.ssels Conser'atorj'. and from 1874 to 1878 was director of the Mons Conservatory. He was inspector of singing in the. twerp schools (1880-891. be- coming later a professor at the Brussels Conser- vatory, and director of the music school of St.