Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/32

* HBRBINO. 20 HEREON. slightly glutinous, sticking in clumps to rocks etc., on the bottom. The young herring probably remain on the shallow spawning beds all the year. At this period of spawning they swim in great schools, and arc taken in vast numbers for conunercial purposes. The herring hshcries are ver)' extensive both in Europe and America. The estimated :innual catch is a.DDO.OOO.OUO. weigh- ing one-half that many pounds. They are largely smoked, salted, and canned. The young in cer- tain regions are canned as sardines. Fresh her- ring are nuich used as bait for cod and other fishes taken by line. See I'l.siiKRlE.s. Herring live on minute crustiu-eans and larval forms of a great variety of animals, which they strain out of the water, and are tlieiiiselves preyed upon to an eiuirmous extent by coil, had- dock, sharks, and other fishes, and by sea-birds. Tlie conimim herring {('liiixii harciigiis) fre- quents both sides of the .Ulantic sovithward to the thirty-seventh parallel. It attains a maxi- mum length of about 17 inches, the usual average being about 12 inches. The California herring (f'liipcii I'alldsi) strongly resembles the Atlantic one in form and habit, and is about equally abun dant and an important food-fish. There are other less vahinble species, belonging to this or a re- lated genus. Thus the various species of alewife (q.v. ) are kno i as "herrings,' with distinguish- ing adjectives. The 'lake' or 'Michigan herring,' however, is an entirely unrelated form, being a salnionoid (see Cisco), although greatlj- resem- bling the common herring in form and general appearance. Consult, for an extensive natural historj- of the herring family. Goode, Fi.ih- eri/ Indu.strirs. Section I. (Washington, 1884). See Plate of Herring Asn Shad. HERRING, .loiix FREnERUK (1795-1805). . English animal |)aint''r. horn in Surrey. He wa^ for many years a coachman, and during this lime and afterwards dcvijted himself to iiainting pictures of horses. His racing and coaching pic- tures have often been lithographed. Tlie "York Stage." the "Mail Coach." and the "Mail Change" are spirited representations of methods of travel- ing in the early days of the la.st century. He .tlso did a series of portraits of the Derby and St. I.eger winners. His genre picture, "A Frugal iMcal," is ill the Xational Gallery, London. HERRING-GULL. See Gill. HERRING-HOG. A porpoise; especially, in Niw i;ii'_'l;uiil. till' common small harlior por- pnise. al~ii imDciI •pulling pig.' See Porpoise. HERRINGS, Battle ok the. See Fa stole, Sir .loiix. HERR'MANN, Alexander (1844-96). An .iiiericnn prcstiiligitateur. born in Paris, .fter public pcrfonnances in various European cities ifroni IH.ir;. he appeared in 1801 in the I'nited States, and in the same year was naturalized. He traveled professionally all over the world, even to the Far East, the home of the sleight-of- hand art. where he was received with amazement. In 1874 he made his first transcontinental tour of the Cnited States. As a master of pure sleight-of-hand, and as a performer who united the entertaining with the mystifying, he has pcrh:ip-i never been surpassed. HERRMANN, her'niAn, or HEERMANS, hrir'niiins. or HARMAN, hiir'man. .fni stine (10n.')-80). An .merican colonist, active chiefly in the afTairs of New Netherlands, and after- wards in tho.se of Maryland. He was bom in Prague, Ijohcmia, and after receiving an ex- cellent training in modern languages and mer- cantile life, entered the service of the Dutch West India Company. It is said that he came to 'irginia in 1029, and that he wa.s the original fouiiilcr <;f the tubacco trade of that colony. Hav- ing settled in New Ainsterdam in 104.'t, he began to take an important share in the civic life of the Dutch st'ttlemenUs. and was of much service in regulating the relations of New Netherlands with UIkkIc Island and .Maryland. Having btrn sent to -Maniland in 1059 to uphold the rights of New Netherlands as against the claim of Lord Baltimore to the Delaware Kiver, he presented the case of his colony with great force, and the Slate of Delaware is believed to have owed its existence to the arguments established on that (x'casion. He later obtained from Lord Baltimore a <'harter to found Cecil town and county in .Maryland, and induced some New Amsterdam |)eoplc to go there with him. Having made a valuable map of Mary- land and Virginia, he rifcived land grants amounting iji all to ,30.000 acres, with manorial privileges. He was given the title of Lord of Bohemia Manor, became a member of the Gov- ernor's Council, a justice of Baltimore County, and in 107.'* was made a commissioner to treat with the Inilians. His (h'scendants were lords of Bohemia Manor until 17.35. HERRMANN, hcr'man. Ern.st Adolf (1812- 84). . tMrinan liistorian, born at Kiimmers- walde. He studied at Dorpat, and at Berlin under Ranko. and then lived in Dorpat ( 18.37-39) and in Dresden. In 1847 he became doeent at Jena, then professor of history there, and after- wards (1857) at Marburg. His work was most- ly on the history of Russia: especially important was his completion of Strahl's Gcschirhtr dm russisrhcn Staates (1840-00). Among his other writings are: Beitriitic :ur (Irxchirhir den rus- sischcn Krichs (1843); Die 6Ktrrrcirhisch-preu»- sischc Alllaiiz rom 7. Fcbruar 1792 und die ziceite Tciliintj Polens (1861), which was an attack on Syhel : and Peter der Orosse und der Znr-iriltrh 'itixei (1880). HERRNHUT, hcrn'hoCt. A small town in the Kingdom of .Saxony, situated on the southern slope of the Hutberg. 1 1 miles from Zittau (Map; (jemiany, F 3). It is noted throughout Ger- many as the central seat of the Moravian Broth- erhood. The town has manufactures of linen, furniture, etc., the |)roducts of Ilerrnhut being famous all over Germany. The community was founded in 1722 by a colony of persecuted Alora- vians, some of whom were descended from the old Bohemian and Moravian Brethren. In coming into Saxony they were sheltered and protected by the pious Count Zinzendorf, to whom Herrnhut belonged. Population, in 1900, 1242, including 830 Moravians. HERTRON, Francis .Jay (1837-1902). An American soldier. He was l)Orn in Pittsburg, Pa.; graduated at the Western I'niversity of Penn- sylvania in 1853, and after 1850 engaged in busi- ness in Towa. He served in Iowa volunteer regi- ments in the Civil War. liecoming brigadier- general of volunteers in .luly. 1802. for a time commanding the .Army of the Frontier, and being made major-general of volunteers in Novemlier, 1802. At Vieksburg he commanded the left wing