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* HOWITT. 277 HOWTH. (1856-62) ; and The Mad War Planet, and Other Poems (1871). Among Mary's independent pub- lications, numbering 110 distinct works, are translations from Fredrika Bremer and Hans Andersen; Sketches of Natural History (1834) ; Popular History of the United States (185'J); a novel called The Cost of Caergwyn (1864); Tales in Prose for Young People (1864) ; Tales in Verse for Young People (1865); and Talcs for All Seasons (1881). From these lists it may be .seen that the Howitts did much for their generation by diffusing knowledge. On the other hand, they wrote little or nothing of permanent value. Consult Mary Hountt : An Autobiography, edited by her daughter, Margaret Howitt (Lon- don, 1889). HOWITZEK (from howitz, from Ger. Hau- bitze, formerly Haubnitze, from Boh. haufnice, haufenice, howitzer, sling for casting stones). A type of artillery. Although a short cannon, it differs from the mortar (q.v.), in that the latter is used for vertical fire, while the howitzer dis- charges its shells in a horizontal direction. It is one of the oldest forms of artillery, and was used in Europe as early as the fifteenth century, and in America it was the first type of cannon to be manufactured. It is now one of the most important types of modern ordnance, howitzer batteries forming a part of the artillery corps of all the great nations of the world. The spe- cial value of the howitzer is in indirect fire when high trajectories are necessary, and when noth- ing but a large angle of descent of the projectile can be effective in attack. It has been found in recent military operations that the howitzer is of supreme importance in supplementing the gun in field and mountain artillery batteries, owing to the fact that the field gun with its flat trajec- tory fire prevents the enemy from exposing him- self. ;iiid if the latter is strongly intrenched, he can hold his position until attacked by infantry. The curved fire of the howitzer, on the other hand, will clear the enemy's trenches, and com- pel resistance or a change of position. Many European authorities now advocate the addition of a howitzer gun to every battery of field and mountain artillery. In the frontier defense of Austria, the howitzer plays an important part. The pieces are of 24 centimeters (almost 10 inches) calibre, and fire a shell weighing 300 pounds, containing a heavy bursting charge of high explosive. Although not originally designed for field work, they can l>e moved and brought into position and fired in twenty minutes' time after arrival at the desired point. See Artil- lery ; ORn^^^'CE. HOWLAND, Alfred Corxelus (1838—). An American painter, bom at Walpole. N. H. He studied under Schultz and Eppindale in Bos- ton, and afterwards went to Diisseldorf and later to Paris, where he became a pupil of Lambinet. His works in genre and landscape are: "Sunlit Path" (1871): "Ford's Glen" (1878): "Mon- day Morning" (1879): "The Gossips" (1880); "Rendezvous of the Veterans" (1884); and "The Coming Circus" (1886). HOWLER, or Sten'tor. An American monkey of the genus Mycetes. remarkable for the dila- tation of the hyoid bone into a hollow drum. which communicates with the larynx, makes a conspicuous external swelling of the throat, and gives prodigious power to the voice, enabling these animals to emit hideous sounds, which are heard miles away, and to which all their names refer. There are two. and sometimes four, other resonators connected with the larj-nx, besides the one in the hyoid. The howlers live chiefly among the branches of trees, and make extraordinary leaps from one to another, taking hold by the tail as readily as by the hands, and often swing- ing by it alone. They are the largest monkeys in the New World. About seven species are known, occurring from Central America south- ward to the Rio Grande do Sul. They are sometimes kept in captivity, but are always sul- len and untamed. Their habits and brain-struc- ture both show that their position is properly among the lowest monkeys. The best known forms are those of southern Brazil, such as the very black shaggy howler, or "guereba' (Mycetes caraya ) . of which the females and young are dingy white, and the brown 'araguata' or ursine howler (Mycetes ursinvs). The red howler (Mycetes seniculus) belongs to the Orinoco region, and is distinguished by its bright chestnut color and the ridge of upright red hair across the top of its head. This one is said to furnish the principal animal food used by the natives of the eastern slopes of the Andes, but they are obtained only in the lowlands. Still another species, abundant along the lower Amazon, is the yellowish 'ara- bata' (Mycetes belzehul). See Monkey; and Plate of American Monkeys. HO-WO, hO'w.y. See Fing-Hwang. HOWOBTH, hou'erth, Sir He.vry Hotle (1842—). An English scientific writer and poli- tician, member of the Royal Society. He was born at Lisbon, was educated at Rossall School, and was admitted to the bar. though he practiced law veri' little, but devoted himself to Lanca- shire politics and to literature. He was elected to the House of Commons as a Consenative in 1886. He is member of many geographical and anthropological societies, and in 1899 was made a trusiee of the British Museum. Howorth's writings, besides letters to the Times and con- tributions to the Quarterly and the Edinburgh. are on geological, archa-ological, ethnological, and historical subjects. Among these are: History of the Mongols (1876-78) ; The Yicars of Rochdale (1883); and The Mammoth and the Flood (1887). HOWRAH, hou'ra. A tovn of Bengal. India, on the right bank of the Hugli. opposite Cal- cutta (q.v.). of which it is the most impor tant suburb (Map: India. E 7). Population, in 1891. 116.600; in 1901. 157.900. HOW'SON, .TonN S.ul (1816-85). An Eng- lish clergman and author. He graduated at Trinity. Cambridge, in 1837 ; was classical mas- ter and later principal of the Liverpool Collegiate Institution (1845-65), and from 1867 until his death was Dean of Chester. During the latter period he practically restored the cathedral, raising nearly £100,000 for the purpose. He is best known for his Life and Epistles of Saint Paul (1852). written in conjunction with Rev. W. J. Convbeare. He also published : The Char- acter of Saint Paul (1862) ; The Metaphors of Saint Paul (1868): and other religious works. including conmientaries. HOWTH. A picturesque peninsula, forming the north shore of Dublin Bay. Ireland. It is about two and one-half miles long bv two miles