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* HOWAKD. 272 HOWE. War (1881) ; General Zaihary Taylor (1892), in the ''Great Coniinaiulcrs Scries;" Isabella of Van- tile (1S04) ; Fitjhtinij fur Humanity ; ami Henry in, the War. Consult iStowe, Men of Our Times (New Viiik, 1808). HOWARD, Sir Kodeht (1626-98). An Eng- li.sh (Irainalist, son of Thomas Howard, first Karl of Berkshire, by Klizabelh, daughter of William Cecil, Lord Burgliley. During the Civil War he took the Royalist side, and was knighted (1644). He was imprisoned under the Commonwealth in Windsor Castle; but alter the Kestonition lucra- tive posts were given him, and he sat in Parlia- ment. He is the Critcs of Dryden's Ensay on Dramatic I'oesy. Dryden married his sister Klizabelh. Of Howard's five extant plays. The ConiDiiltrr (1692). caricaturing the manners of the Coniniimwcalth, is most interesting. HOWARD, TiiOM.vs, Karl of Arundel. See Arixdkl. HOWARD UNIVERSITY. An educational institution, situated in Washington, D. C. in- corporated in 1867. and named for Gen. O. O. Howard, one of its founders and early presidents. The university was established by the Govern- ment, and, with the exception of its medical de- partment, is supported by Congressional appro- priations administered by the Secretary of the Interior. It has, in addition, a general endow- ment fund of •$175,000, and proi^rty valued at .$1,000,000. The university is n(msectarian, and is open to students of both sexes, without regard to race. It is chiefly known, however, for its work in the higher education of the negro. No tuition is chaigt'd in any department except the medical, and tlic outside expenses of worthy students are also ]>artially defrayed by the uni- versity. In addition to prep;iratory, collegiate, and medical departments, the university main- tains schools of pedagogy, law. pharmacy, den- tistry, theology, music, and agriculture. Trade instruction is provided by the industrial depart- ment, in which students of the preparatorj' and English courses are given practice in carpentry, tin.smithing. printing, and bookbinding, under the direction of skilled worknicn. The university print ingoflice issues monthly the Hoicard Stand- ard. In 1902 the students, exclusive of those in the departments of agriculture and music, num- bered 9.'59. The library contains about 40,000 volumes. HOWARTH, hou'erth, Ellen Cleme.ntixe (1827-99). An American poet, born at Coopers- town, X. Y. She wrote a number of songs, such as " 'Tis but a Little Faded Flower," and pub- lished a volume, Tftc IVucZ-Z/orp <7Hf7 Other Forms ( 1804 ) . Her later work has been edited, with an introduction by Richard W. Gilder. HOWE. Albio:^ P.ris (1818-97). . Ameri- can artillery nfhcer in the 'arof the Rebellion. He was born in .Maine and educated at West Point. He entered the Fourth Artillery, from 1843 to 1846 was a mathematical instructor at West Point, served creditably in the Mexican War, was made a captain in 18.5.5, and after the outbreak of the rebellion became General McCIellan's chief of artillery in western Virginia in 1861. During the campaign on the Peninsula, in 1862, he com- manded a light-artillcrv brigade in the Army of the Potomac. Having been appointed a brigadier- general of volunteers in 1862. he was assigned to a brigade in Couch's division. Fourth. nv Corps ; was in command of the artillery depot at Washington in 186406; and was brevetted major- general in the Regular Army in 1805 for meritori- ous service during the rebellion. General llowc took part in the battles of Manassas, South Mountiiin, Antietam. Fredericksburg, and Gettys- burg. He was retired from the army in 1882. HOWE, Elias (181907). An American in- ventor, born in .'spencer, Mass. His father was a miller, and after working in his mills the boy went, in 1835, to Lowell, where he entered a manufactory of cotton machinery. Two years later he lost his position on account of the finan- cial panic, but finally secured work in a machine- shop, first in Cambridge, and later in Boston. About 1843 he commenced the practical working out of his idea for a .sewing-machine, and by 1845 the invention was finished; but. despite its obvious advantages, met with bitter opposition. For the next nine years Howe was wretchedly poor. A trip to England in 1847 in hope of being able U> interest capitalists there was un- successful, and he sold the English rights to his machine for .$250. I'pon his return to this coun- try he found that his invention had been pirated, and that many sewing-machines were already in use. He siMured influential backing, and inune- diately began action to establish his patent. After long suits he won his case, and thereafter was one of the leading manufacturers in the L'nitcd States. Although improvements on Howe's ma- chines were subsequently made by Singer and others, there is no doubt that the Howe was the original prototype of the present machine. When the Civil War broke out, Howe volunteered as a private in the Seventeenth Connecticut Volun- teers. In 1867 he received the gold medal and the cross of the Legion of Honor at the Paris Exhibi- tion. HOWE, Hk.nry (1816-93). An American his- torian and publisher, born at New Haven. Conn., son of Gen. Hezekiah Howe, the publisher. He entered the publishing business in 1839, and in 1840 began his historical research in New York and New .Jersey, together with .John W. Barber. He made like studies in (Ihio. sketching old land- marks and interMewing old st^ttlcrs. Soon after the publication of his work in Ohio he removed to Cincinnati, where he published subscription books for nearly thirty years. In 1878 he re- turned to New Haven, but in 1885 went back to Ohio, prepared a second edition of his history of that State, and entered the publishing business again. He wrote: Eminent Meehanies (1839); Historical Collections of ew York (1841). of Xew Jersey (1843), and of Ohio (1847 and 1891) : The (Ireat West (1851) : Trnvch and .Id- ventures of Celebrated Travelers (1853); JAfe and Death of the Ocean (1855) ; .Adventures and Aehievemcnts of Americans (1858) : Our Whole Country (1861) ; Times of the RrtirUion in the West (1870) ; Over the World (1883) ; Outline History of Vetc Baven (1884) ; and jVctp Baven Llms ami Crrrns (1835). HOWE, .ToHS (1630-1705). A Puritan clergy- man, called the Platonic Puritan. He was born May 17. 1630, at Loughborough, in Leicestershire. He studied both at Cambridge and Oxford, and after preaching for some time at Winwick, in Lancashire, and Great Torrington, in Devon- shire, he was appointed domestic chaplain to Cromwell in 1656. He held the same position