Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/302

* HOUSEHOLD GODS. 262 HOUSEMAID'S KNEE. unity. But the name was applied especially to it about that the latter are supplied to him and the lares and penates, spirits of the deceased he is paid at piece rates for the work he does »Mcc)-lors under wnose henelicenl care the house- upon them. hold pros|Hred. The lares li.id special charge ol .Such an organization can compel© with fac- tlip niemliers of Ihe fauiilv. and the pcnales of the toriea only when the t^-chnical processes of pro- dwellinfi; and they were worshiped at the lara- duction remain comparatively primitive. When which stood in the The form of Hum, or family shrine airiuiii. or central hall. HOUSEHOLD SUFFRAGE, the rarliaiiuntary Iramlii-^' at jirexMit in force in Great Urilain. It va^ estalilished in the Iwrouphs by the Reform Hill of 1807-08, which cnnterred the ri^ht of voting for members of Par- liament on all adult male household owners or ., : • • "i j v, .i, .. « lo.l^.,rs who were the occupants of a dwellinj. century, their misery was excci^ded by that of pable of bringing in a vearly rental of £10 and <lie poor hand workers with whom the factories complicated machinerj' and minute subdivision of labor is introduced into factory work, house industry is doomed. It has under such circum- stances kept up for a time an uiieciu;il .struggle in which long hours of labor and the assistance of the entire family marked the labor in tho homes. Bad as were the conditions in the fac- tories of England in the early part of the last capa over. By V^e Franchise" Bill of 1884 the right was extended to the inhabitants of the counties who possessed the same qualifications. HOUSEHOLD TBOOPS. Specifically, the term applies to thu>.- rej.'iments of the British Army which form the permanent garrison of the city of London, and whose especial duty it is to attend the sovereign. Details from these troops mount guard over the royal residences and important public buildings and institutions. The term includes the following troops: Two regi- ments of the Life Guanls (Kirstand Second) ; the Royal Horse (Juards; the first, second, and third battalions of Grenadier Guards; the first and sec- ond battalions of Coldstream Guards; the first nnd second battalions of Scots Guards; and the Irish Guards. The term household troops is frequently used by Knglish and . u'riean writ- ers to ilescrilM" the ^'lite regiinenls of Germany and iitlier mwnarclilcal iduiilries. HOUSEHOLD WORDS. A weekly periodi- cal foiiniled March :!0, 1S4!), by Charles Dickens, who became its chief editor. The opening num- l>ers contained a serial story by Jlrs. Gaskell. Hard Times, and many of Dickens's minor stories, first appeared in it. It was discontinued in IS.'iS, nnd was succeeded hv All the Year Hound (.pril 30. 1S.50). HOUSE INDUSTRY. A form of industrial organization in which the workman labors nt home for a manufacturer or contractor. It is to bo contrasted, on the one hand, with the artisan organization of industry in which the master craftsman was his own business manager nnd produced for the needs of a local market, and. on the other, with the factorj' organization with its groups of workmen coiiperating under n common direction and division of labor. His- torically it forms a transition from the former to the latter. It was the outgrowth of a widen- ing market for goods, and marked a change in the mercantile orwnization of industrj' which kept pace with and in many cases outstripped its technical progress. .s a dominant form of organization it marked especially the closing years of the eighteenth and early years of the nineteenth centuries, and while it still lingers in backward regions, and even grows up anew under peculiarly favorable circumstances, it is in the main a thing of the pa.st. The characteristics of the system are the isola- tion of the worker's production by the crude processes of hand labor, and the marketing of the product by third persons. The workman mny in the first instance supply his materials, but the need of uniformity in the product soon brings competed. The modern counterpart of house industry in Great Britain an<l .Xmerica is found in tho sweating sV'^tem. This is confined to the garment trade, in which the mercantile transformation was later than in other lines of industry, and in which the relative .scope of hand labor as com- pared with use of machines is very large. The textile industries and the manufacture of hoots and shoes both pa-ssed through this stage. While spinning-machines and power-looms were yet primitive, the hand workers were able to main- lain themselves for a while by working for others. In New Kngland the factorj' system had its beginnings in the domestic occupations of the people. Throughout northeastern -Massachusetts may still be seen about the farms ruins of small workshops where during the winter the farmers made shoes for the merchants of Lynn nnd Bos- ton. Elsewhere in the State, straw for the manu- facture of hats was plaited by the women on tho farms, and by men, in the wintertime. In Sweden and Russia such industrial occupation among the rural population is quite frequent. In Central Europe house industry is far more extensive. The hilly region of Central Germany, from the Tlniringian to the Silesian mountains, is its peculiar home. Sec Sweating System. HOUSELEEK, or T.l'E-FonEVEB {Semperri- rum ) . A genus of plants of the natural order Crassulacea", the members of which have tho petals equal in numlier to the sepals, and inserted in the ba.se of the calj-x; the leaves are generally very succulent, and form close rosettes. The common houseleek, or cyphel (liemperi-ivum tecfonim). grows wild on the rocks of the .Mps, hut has long been common in almost every part of Europe, planted on walls, roofs of cottages, etc. It sends up leafy flowering stems of six to twelve inches in height, which bear branches of pale-red star-like (lowers, equally curious and beautiful. The leaves cut or bruised, and ap- plied to burns, insect stings, ulcers, and inflamed sores. afTord immediate relief. They were for- merly in high esteem as a remedy for fevers and other diseases, and an edict of Charlemagne contributed greatly to the extensive distribu- tion of the plant. Other species possess similar properties, fyemperviium globifcrtim, with yel- lowish-green flowers, is very frequently planted on walls in Germany. Some of the species, na- tives of the south of Europe, the Canary Isles, etc., are shrubby; others are common greenhouse plants. HOUSEMAID'S KNEE. A term commonly applied to an acute inlUmmation of the bursa