Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/25

* HEROD. 13 HERODIANUS. Herod's sister, and Castobar; ruled from a.d. 37 to 44. His earlier years were spent in Rome, where he fell into spendthrift habits that finally compelled his retirement to Palestine. In the last years of Tiberiu,s's reign he returned to Rome, and succeeded in securing the appointment by tlie Em- peror to the care of his grandson. He had been friendly with Calipula in his early life, and short- ly after the latter"s accession received from him the tetrarchies of Philip and Lysanias (viz. Abilene) with the title of king, while the Senate added the honorary rank of pr*tor. In a.d. 40 he obtained the fortified tetrarchy of Antipas; and in the ne.t year, when Claudius came to the throne, he was given by the Emjieror. along with the honor of the consular rank, the additional territory of Judea and Samaria, thus finally se- curing the whole region over which his grand- father had ruled. The next three years constitute the real period of his rule. For the sake of peace he followed a pro-Jewish policy, which showed it- self in a personal piety of almost Pharisaic legal- ism and an official furtherance of the inter- ests of the Jews, which brought them to regard him as a brother and alienated from him the regard of the Roman element in his population and of the Roman troops in his domains. This .Jewish favoritism, no doubt, was the cause of his persecution of the Christians (Acts xii. 1-19). The account of his death given by Jo- sephus (Antiq. xviii. 6, 7) is in siibstantial agreement with that in Acts xii. 20-23. — (6) Agbippa II. (Herod Agrippa). Son of Agrippa I. and Cypros; ruled from a.d. 50 to about 100. Because of his extreme youth at the time of his father's deatli, Claudius was persuaded not to give him the succession. The whole of Palestine thus passed under direct Roman rule. In a.d. 50, however, two years after the death of his uncle Herod of Chalcis. he received the kingdom which had thus been vacated. This lie surrendered in A.D. 53. receiving in return the former tetrarchy of Philip, together with that of Lysanias and the domains of Varus. In ..b. 50 Nero added to this the cities of Tiberias and Julias in Galilee and Tarichea in Perea. with surrounding lands and villages. Like all his family, he gave himself to building, improving his capital, Caesarea Philippi, which he renamed Xeronias. and archi- tecturally adorning Berytus (Beirut I in Phceni- cia. Unlike his father, he gave no special care to the interests of the Jews — manifesting, in fact, a general indifference to the religious ques- tions of his time, though it was in his rule that the Temple at .Jerusalem was finished. He tried to combine Hellenism and Judaism, and placed the effigies of the emperors on his coins. He strove to dissuade the .Jews from their war with Rome, and manifested his loyalty to the Emperor even after his Galilean cities had deserted him. In return for this, after the war his territory was extended northward, while in a.d. 75 he had con- ferred upon him the praetorian rank. He left no children; in fact, it is doubtful whether he ever married. As far as record can be obtained, he died in the third year of Trajan's reign, a.d. 100. His rule was a feeble one. It was before this .grippa and his sister Bernice that Paul was brought by Festus in Csesarca. on the eve of his deportation to Rome, as narrated in Acts xxv. 13-xxvi. 32. HEROD AGRIPPA. See Herod. HERO'DAS. See Heronda-s. HEROTJES AT'TICXJS. See Atticcs Hebo- DES. HERO'DIAN (Gk. Hpuoiovis, EerOdianos). A Greek historian of the tliird century a.d. He was a Syrian by birth, but held office under the Roman Government, so that he writes with a practical knowledge of the events which he de- scribes. His history covers the years a.d. 180- 238, i.e. from the death of Marcus Aurelius to the accession of Gordianus III. Tlie work was high- ly valued by later historians, especially the Scrip- tores Historian Augustae and Johannes Antioche- nus, who take long passages from it, and try to imitate its style. The history was first made known to the Western world in the transla- tion of Politianus (1493). The first critical edi- tion was published by Bekker (1826); the best is that of Mendelssohn (Leipzig, 1883). There is an English translation by Hart (London, 1749). Consult Peter, Die geschichtliche Litteratur iiher die romische Kaiserzeit, ii. (Leipzig, 1897). HERCDIANS (Gk. HpwJiai/of. Uerodianoi, adherents of Herod, from 'HpiiSi??, Berodes, Herod). A party among the .lews, twice men- tioned in the Xew Testament, and both times in connection with the Pharisees: (1) Mark iii. 6, on the occasion of Jesus' healing of the man with the withered hand in the Capernaum sraa- gogue; (2) Mark xii. 13 (cf. Matt. xxii. 16)", on the occasion of placing before .Jesus the question about tribute to Ctesar. They were evidently not a religious sect, as the Pharisees and the Sad- ducees; nor the mere Court and family followers of the Herods. but rather a political party, whose object was the reestablishment of the Herodian kingdom in the spirit of its traditional policy — the union of Judaism with Hellenism. (See Herod.) Their connection with the Pharisees, consequently, was not due to any sympathy of ideas with them, but to the instinctive conviction that in the spiritual mission of Jesus lay a danger common to them both. They were not necessarily pro-Roman in their feelings; though, in the nature of things, they would be more kind- ly disposed to the spirit of the pagan govern- ment than to that of the old theocracy, as rep- resented by the Pharisees, or of the new iles- sianism involved in the religion of Jesus. It is probable that they had more in common with the religiously indifferent Sadducees than with any other Jewish party. Upon such a supposition there may be some bearing in the significant in- terchange of 'Sadducees' and 'Herod' in Jesus' warnings to His disciples a.s given in the paral- lels, Mark viii. 15 and Matt. xvi. 6. HER'ODLATSrUS, .Eliis. A Greek gram- marian of the second half of the second century A.D., son of Apollonius Dyseolus. He was born at Alexandria, but afterwards removed to Rome, and there gained the favor of the Emperor Mar- cus Aurelius. to whom he dedicated his chief work, Ka$o7.iK)/ TIpoCTifjAo, called also Mf;ii/ii? llpoa. Con- sult: Lehrs, Ilerodiani Scripta Tria (Konigs-