Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/241

* HORN. ai3 HOBNBILL. was preeminent for his skillful use of horns in producing new effects. HORN, hOm, Abvid Bebmiabd, Count ( 16G-1- 174:i). A Swedish statesman, born at Vuoren- taka, Finland. He served in the Swedish Army, and was rapidly promoted to be general of bri- gade (1700J. He assisted in the deposition of King Augustus of Pohind (1704), and imder Stanislaus Leszezynski, his successor, he remained as Ambassador. In 1705 he was made counselor to the King. After the death of Charles Xll. he forced his sister, Ulrica Elinore, to submit to an election before she could ascend the throne, and later imposed on her the Constitution of 1719. The years when he was marshal of the Kingdom were spoken of afterwards as the 'time of Arvid Horn.' so successful had the countrj' been under his leadership. He retired from ac- tive life in 1738. HORN,. Cape. See C-u-e Horn. HORN, Charles Edward (1786-1849). An English composer and conductor, bom in London. He was the pupil of his father, Karl Horn, a music-teacher, and received singing lessons from Rauzzini. He first appeared at the English Opera House in 1809. The following year he com- posed The Maffic Bride, his first oi)era. From 1814 to 1832 he wa.s connected with the English Opera House as singer, composer, and conductor. He made a prolonged visit to America in 1832, and conducted English opera in Xew York City. During this time the Handel and Haydn Society produced two of his works, an Ode to Washiiig- ton (1S32), and an oratorio, The Remission of Sin (1S3G). This latter, renamed tiatan, was given in London in 1845. He was elected conduc- tor of the Handel and Haydn Society in 1847, and reelected in 1848. Among his works are: Daniel's Prediction (1848): several operettas, such as Tricks iipon Travelers (1810) and The Deril's Bridge (1812); of his songs, "Cherry- Ripe" and the duet "I Know a Bank" have re- mained i)Opu!ar. HORN, GU.STAF (1592-1G.57). A Swedish sol- dier, born at Oerbyhus. He studied at the uni- versities of Rostock. .Jena, and Tubingen, entered the army in 1012. and served against the Poles. In 1030 he commanded half the army of Gustavus Adolplius in the advance of that mon- arch Ufion Frank(ort-on-the-Oder. He directed the Swedish left in the battle of Breitenfeld, in 1G31, and participated in the defeat of Tilly's army on the Lecli. In 1634 he was completely defeated, together with his ally, Bemhard of Weimar, at Xiirdlingen, and made a prisoner by the Imperialists. He was not released until 1642. Up later distinguished himself in the war against Denmark. "horn, Pail (18G3— ). A German specialist in modern Persian philologj', bom at Halle. His education was at the university in that city, where he devoted himself chiefly to Oriental and lin- guistic studies, and rereive'd the degree of doctor of philosophy in 18S5. Four years later he became privat-docont at the University of Strassburg, and he has held a professorship there since 1000. Among his writings may be mentioned: Die Komenalflexion im Arrstn tind den altpersisrhrn Keilinsrhriften (Halle. ISS.")) ; fi/issanidisrhe Siepelsteine (Berlin, 1801): Die Denkiriirdiq- keiten .Srftaft Tnhmiisp's (Strassburg, 1801): ifettpersische Schrift»prache (Strassburg, 1898) ; (jeschichte trans in islamitischer Zeit (Strass- burg, 1900) ; tieschichte der I'ersischen Litleratur (Leipzig, 1902). HORN, Va. de, or va.x (1035-83). A Dutch buccaneer. After studying seamanship on board of merchant vessels, at the age of twenty-four he bouglit one of his own, set up as a pirate, and preyed upon the shipping of his native land. Ne.xt he became a sailor of fortune, serving whicliever European power would pay him most highly, and it was ehietly France that engaged him to wage war upon Spanish ships by fair means or foul, generally the latter. He was with De Graff in the despoiling of Vera Cruz (1683), but fought a duel with him over the division of pUmder and died from the results of the wound thus received. HORNBEAM (horn + beam, AS. beam, OHG. houm, Gi-r. Baum, tree; connected ultimately with Gk. 0(tir, phyein, to grow, Skt. bhu, to become), C'urpinus. A genus of the natural order Cupulifera-, which consists of trees with com- pact, rough, hard wood, almost smooth whitish- gray bark, deciduous leaves, and monoecious llowers. The common horntieam (Carpinus betu- /us), verj- frequent in moderately moist, shady woods of many parts of Europe, is a l^eautiful tree which attains a height of 60 to 100 feet. It has ovate, acuminate, almost triply serrate leaves, and the fruit has very large, deeply three-partite bracts. Its root descends deep into the ground. The wood, which is much used by carpenters and wheelwrights, is white, very hard, uncommonly strong and tough, and therefore suitable for bear- ing heavj' strains. It takes a very fine polish, and, when well stained, miglit readily be mis- taken for ebony. In the eartli, or where exposed to the changes of the weather, it is not very durable. It bums readily, and is one of the best kinds of firewood; it affords an excellent charcoal, and the ashes yield much potash. The young stems, by reason of tlie dense growth of their twigs, are very suitable for forming live fences and bowers; and as it bears clipping well, the hornbeam was often employed to form live walls formerly fashionable. The genus is repre- sented in Xorth America by Carpinus Americana, a small tree 25 to 40 feet high, which occurs from Quebec to Florida and west to Minnesota and Texas. Its wood is very hard, dense, and heavy, and is one of the toughest woods of the Xorthern States. It is known as hornbeam, bhie beech, water-beech, and ironwood. The hop-hornbeam (Ostrt/a Virginiana) is of much the same habit, range, and properties. It is of slow growth and is seldom planted, although a very ornamental tree. This tree is also known as ironwood and Icvorwood. HORNBHiL. The name of an African and East Indian family of large birds, forming the family Bucerotidse, and remarkable for the enor- mous size of the bill, and for a large bony pro- tuberance (epithema, or casque) with which it is usually surmounted. The bill is curpd, broad at the base, compressed toward the tip, the bony protuheranee on the upper mandible as- suming different forms in different species. Two subfamilies are recognized — the Bucoracin.T (or Biicorvin.T) and the Buoerotina>. The former are .African, have the casque hollow, and are of ter- restrial habits. They are described under Gbouxd Hobxbill. The latter contain the 'true'