Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/240

* HORN. 212 HORN. HoB.vy TissiE appears as a variety of tumor upon JilVerent regions of llic liunian skin, but esiK-cially upon the faiv, and occasionally in dcrniKid cysts. Tlicse nianilcslations are con- sidered iin «arls, of which the epidermal cells are inliiiiutely united in llie same uuinner as in the nails; and they are classed with warts, corns, and some nicvi, under the term corneous papil- lomata. The tendency to Imrny excrescences on the r.kin is rare, and lielongs to advanced a;.'e. Thero is a disease of the skin called 'liystricisnius,' wlii<li is a peculiar variety of papillary hypertrophy, with hornifying of this way it is employed in making handles for umhrellas, knives, forks, and a variety of other articles. Combs arc made out of the llaltened sheets, and beautiful carving's are made out of the solid parts of buHalo-horns. 0.-liorns, too, are sometimes of tine quality and color, and are fashioned into drinkingcups and other articles, often hijihly ornament^il. Hefore the horn is softened for manufacture, the solid tip is usu- ally sawed (ill', to l)c treated separately. This is Usually --awej into blanks to lie used for buttons and other purposes. These blanks are heated, pared, heated again in water and pressed between Hair Uorm'B hoof Cok'8 horn KaUs Epidermis Whttle- boue Tortolse- sboU 60. 6S 6.36 17.14 20.85 6.00 61.41 6.96 17.40 19. 94 4.33 61.03 6.30 16.24 22.61 3.42 61.09 6.82 16.90 22.39 2.80 60.28 6.76 17.21 26.01 0.74 61.86 6.87 16.70 21.97 3.60 64.89 6.66 16.77 19.66 2.22 the epidermis of such a nature that it re- sembles short porcupine-(iuills. Horny excres- cences occasionally break and fall off spon- taneously ; but thej' grow again if not cured radically by the excision of the portion of skin upon which they are located. Ki'o.NO.Mif I'sEs OK lloK.N. The horns of ani- mals enter largely into the manufacture of many useful and ornamental articles, and are employed for useful and ornamental purposes. The prin- cipal horns employed are those of the ox. buffalo, sheep, and goat. These are quite different in structure from the antlers of various deer, which are really hone and resemble ivory in structure. More like true horns are hoofs, claws, nails, and quills. Horns havi but 2 or 3 i>er cent, of earthy matter, while bones have over .")0 per cent. Horn can Ik? softened and split into thin layers or lamina-, or pressed into molds. As it recovers its peculiar character of flexibility, toughness, and transparency when cold, it is particularly adajiteil for a great variety of purposes. It can also he dyed various colors. A solution of gold in aqua regia dyes it red; a solution of nitrate of silver in nitric acid, black; a paste of red lead, made with a solution of potash, colors it brown; so that with a pro|»"r arrangement and application of these materials, the most admir- able imitations of the nnich more costly tortoise- shell can he produced, which, indeed, it resembles in structure. The more common vegetable dye- stuffs, as logvood, Brazilwood, harwood, saffron, indigo, etc., will also color horn, but neither so pennanently nor so brightly as the metallic ma- terials. By long-continued soaking, the horns of all the animals above mentioned can be softened, and those of the shec-p and goat can easily lie split into several layers after they have been soaked and boiled. These layers can not only be flat- tened out by putting them l)etween smooth iron plates heated and plac<'d in a press, but can be welded together firmly by pressing their edges to- gether between polished copper plates, and then plunging them for some time into boiling water and then into cold water. This property enables the horn-worker to use tip the smallest cuttings with profit,. other valuable property of liorn is that when heated it can lie pressed into a die, and not only takes a beautiftil sharp impression. but if left in the die until cold it retains it. In dies, after which they are buffed and polished. The value of the horns and hoofs imported into the I'nited States to be consumed in domestic manufactures in recent vears has been as follows: S'Xi. .>i.">.-)4,'J02; 18!I4, $2:i.5.2:J2 ; 181)5, $2ti8,800; 18!Mj. .$.508,445; 1897, .$150,134. HORN. A musical instrument, belonging to the family of bra.ss wind instnnnents and dis- tinguished by a cupped mouthpiece, a llaring bell, ar.d a narrow, conical tube which is between nine and eighteen feet long, and is twisted back on itself. The natural or French horn (q.v. ), al- though having an exceedingly tender, sonorous tone, was a very imperfect instrument, and is now entirely superseded by the valve horns. The horn is built in almost any key; there are horns in A. Bp. C. D, Eb, E. F, G. " Its range is from C — c As the horns (except the one in C) are transposing instruments, lower tones than C can be obtained by using different horns. For in- stance, on the low Bp horn the note C sounds Bb, on the Elj horn E[), etc. The music for horns is always written in the G clef, except the very low tones. Strange to say, the tones written in the bass clef are always written an octave luucr than the actual sound. In the smallest orchestra there are always two horns. The ordinary symphony orchestra has four, and Wagner em- ploys as many as eight. When four horns are used the first and third are written on the same staff ii the score, and the second and fourth to- gether on another staff. What kind of horns are employed dejiends upon the tonality of the com- position and also to some extent upon the modu- lation within the tonality. Thus a composer writing in C major might employ two horns in C and two in F, or two in C and two in G. Some modern masters use the F horns for all keys. A peculiarity in writing music for horns is that no key signatures are used. All music is written in C and everv' chromatic alteration is specially marked. Muted tones can also lie prtxluced upon the valve horns. They have a peculiar ominous sound, and are sometimes employed in dramatic works to express situations of fear, horror, mystery, etc. In the Xibelungen Wagner has an efTective phrase on muted horns whenever Wo- tan's ravens are mentioned. I^nfortunately. these muted tones have been abused and are used with- out sufficient reasons in the works of the Xen- German school. Of the early composers. Weber