Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/24

* H£ROD. 13 H£BOD. Ilerodian line were Jews. In his power and intluence, and apparently in bis oUicial position in Iduiiioa, Autipater was succeeded by his son of the same naiiu'. The hitter, with tin- sjigaoity which had becoiiio characteristic of the family, made the declining fortunes of the .snionean rule and the rising fortunes of Rome serve his political interests until the real control of the country of the Jews rested in his hand — a control which he stren<rthencd by appointing his two sons Phasiicl and Herod governors, respectively in Jerusalem and in Galilee. (1) IIebod the Gbe.^t. Son of. tipater and Cypros, an Arabian woman ; reigned from B.C. 37 to 4. Upon the as- sassination of. tipater (B.C. 43) there followed a period of intrigue and warfare on the part of the Asmonean Antigonus and the Parthians against the Herodian rule, which resulted in the death of Phasael and the escape of Herod to Rome. There in B.C. 30 he was made King of ludca by Antony, Octavius, and the Senate. It was not, however, until B.C. 37 that he succeed- ed in putting down the forces opposing him. The first years of his reign (B.C. 37-25) were troublous, owing to the hostility of the Saddu- cean and Pharisaic parties, and the enmity of the surviving niemlH>rs of the Asmonean house, who secured an ally in Cleopatra of Egypt. Herod ultimatcl}' prevailed, partly through murder and confiscation of property, partly through political cleverness and trickery, but mainly through the fall of. tony and Cleopatra before the forces of Octavius. The following years ( n.c. 25-13) were prosperous. Herod was free to rule and to indulge his passion for building, the results of which showed themselves in the rehabilitation of such places as Strato's Fortress, and such cities as Samaria, Cajjliarsaba. ami Anthedon. renamed by him respectively Ca?sarea Palestinip (q.v. ), Si'baste, Antipatris. and Agrippasum. At Jeru- salem, tjericho, and C-esarca he erected theatres, amphitheatres, and hippodromes for the Grecian games established in honor of Augustus. He rebuilt the temple in .Tenisalem with the most lavish expenditure of wealth and careful regard for the religious scruples of the people. This munificence was extended even beyond his do- mains to cities in Sj-ria, Asia Minor, and Greece. Heriid also gratified his Hellenizing tastes by invitins and attaching to his Court Greek writers and teachers. With all this he was loyal to the people over whom he ruled, not only bestowing upon them substantial benefits at homo, but secur- ing for tnem large favors in some parts of the Dia-spora and significant privileges from Rome. The last years of his reign (B.C. 13-4) were full of misery, occasioned by the cea.seless and com- plicated political intrigues within his household, which rendered iiim morbidly suspicious and in- flamed his murderous passions to the worst. It was shortly before his death that .lesus was bom. On his last visit to Rome Herod obtained consent of Augvistus to dispose of his kingdom as he saw fit. A few hours before his death he made a will, in which he gave .Judea, including Samaria and Idumea, to -Vrchelaus. with the title of king; Galilee and Perea to Antipas, with the title of tetrarch; and Gaulanitis. .Auranitis, Trachonitis, Batanea, and Panias to Philip, with the title of tetrarch. This will was practically confirmed by .•ujrustus, and in spite of disturbances and dis- orders on the part of the people, who desired to he rid of the Herodian yoke, was ultimately put into effect. — (2) Abcuelals, ethnarch of Judea, Idu- mea, ami Samaria. Son of Herod the Great and Malthace, a Samarian woman ; ruled from B.C. 4 to A.u. (i. Though given title of king by bis father's will, Augustus withheld this from him, substituting that of ethnarch. He was the worst of Herod's surviving sons. Of his reign we have no details; but Josepbus describes it as violent and tyrannical. After nine years the Jews made such complaints against .rchelaus that Augustus banished him to V'icnne in Gaul. This accords with the statement of Matthew ii. 22, that Joseph on his return from Egj'pt with Mary and the Child Jesus, "When he heard that Archelaus was reigning over Judea in the room of his father Herod, was afraid to go thither, and . . . withdrewintotheparUsof Galilee." — (3) ASTIPA» (Ilerod Antipas), tetrarch of Galilee. Son of Herod the Great and the Samaritan Malthace, younger brother of Archelaus; ruled from B.C. 4 to A.D. 37. Though not much is known of his rule, he seems to have been able to govern his country and to have possessed the family passion for building. In Galilee he remade Sepphoris, after- wards called Dio-Ca?sarea, and in Perea, Betha- ramptha, which he named Livias after the wife of Augustus, and in addition reared the magnif- icent capital which he named Tiberias, for the reigning Emperor. He seems to have had his father's craftiness, though he apparently lacked his diplomacy, as he certainly did his ability in war. The discarding of bis first wife, daughter of the Arabian King Aretas, for Herodias, wife of his half-brother Herod Philip (Mark vi. 17; Matt. xiv. 3), not the tetrarch Philip, brought on a war with Aretas in which Antipas was routed. Later, through the persuasion of Herodias, he went to Rome and demanded of Caligula that he be favored, as Agrippa I. had just been, with the title of king. He was confronted, however, by charges from Agrippa himself, was deposed, and banished by the Emperor to Lugdunum (Lyons) in Gaul. This Antipas is the "flerod' most frequently mentioned in the New Testa- ment (Matt. xiv. 1; Luke iii. 1; xiii. 31; Acts xiii. 1 et al.). It was he who imprisoned and beheaded John the Baptist (Mark vi. 14-2!)). and to whom Jesus was sent bv Pilate (Luke x.xiii. 7-15).— (4) PniLiP. Son oif Herod the Great and Cleopatra, a woman of Jerusalem ; ruled from B.C. 4 to A.D. 34. The country over which he ruled was north and east of the Sea of Galilee, consequently outside of strictly Je^vish territory and inhabited by a predominantly non-Jewish population. It was owing to this fact that Philip was able to carrj' out a Hellenizing and Roman policy among his people. He had the family pas- sion for building, and founded on the site of Paneas a city which he named Ca-sarea, known as C-Tsarea Philippi (q.v.). to distinguish it from the larger city on the coast. He also rebuilt Bethsaida. which he called .Tulias, in honor of the daughter of Augustus. Of his rule nothing is known beyond what may be inferred from Jo- sephus's characterization of the man, as "a per- son of moderation and quietness" in the conduct of his life and government. He seems to have possessed none of the Herodian ambition, cruelty, or lust. He was married to Salome, the daughter of Herodias. and died without issue. — (5) .AfiRlp- PA (Herod Agrippa). Son of .Aristobulus. Herod the Great's son bv Mariamne. cranddaughter of H^Tcanus, and Bemice, daughter of Salome,