Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/224

* HOOKER. lUC HOOKER. Hooker's iroi'A'* (iiu'liidiiig the Ucclcsiaslical Folily, the controversy with Travers, ii Uiscuurse of Jti.sli/icatiuii, and a few •Siimons} were pub- lished by John Keble (4 vols., 183C). This edi- tion superseded all previous ones. It was reis- sued, with improvements (Vth ed.) by Bean C'hureh and Canon Paj.'et. in 1888. Consult Wal- ton, IJfe of lli'hiinl Hiiokvr, ])reli.ed to most ediliiiiis of his works (O.xford, 1830). HOOKER, Thomas (e.l.'>S(i ItUV). A New England clergyman, the real founder of tlic Colony of Connetticut. lie was born at .Marklicld, Leicestershire, England, and was eduiatcd at Kmmantiel College, Cambridge, where he took the degree of li... in lliOS, and tiiat of .M,.. in Kill. After lioldiiig a fellowship for some time at Cand)ridgc, he became, about 1020, rector of a little church at Eslier, in Surrey. In I0'2(i he accepted a lectureship at Chelmsford, Es.sex, where he soon won renown as an eloquent preach- er, but by this very prominence attracted the attention of l.aud. then Bishop of London, to his Puritanism. In .May. 1(>2!1. he appeared before l.aud. and was threatened by him with action before the Ccairt of High (^)mmission. and in the following year, upon being cited to appear before that tribunal, he left England and settled in Holland. In Holland he remained for three years, preaching in the English churches at .msterdam. Delft, and Rotterdam. In 103.") he sailed for N'cw England, on the same ship with .Tohn (^otton (ipv. ), settling in Xcwtowne (Cambridge) in October of that year, and being admitted a free- man in the following spring. lie was cho.sen pastor of the first church at Xcwtowne on Octo- ber 11, l('i33, and soon afterwards became one of the most inlluential clergAuien in the Colony. It was he who in October. Iti3.5. argued with Hoger Williams before the General Court. There was something of a spirit of rivalry, not only between the people of Xewtownc and Boston, but between their principal pastors. Hooker and Cotton. As early as May. 1034. the people of X'ewtownc eom- [ilaine<l to the Oneral Court that they did not have room enough, and sought either for per- mission to extend their boundaries or remove to a new location, and in .Tuly they sent a small party into the Connecticut Valley to find a suit- able place. The matter was temporarily adjusted by the extension of the town limits, but the spirit of unrest remained, and in 1030 Mr. Hooker and his church, with large delegations from the churches at Dorchester and Watertown, removed into the Connecticut Valley. Th<' Xew- towne church members established themselves at Hartford, but the influence of Hooker extended also to the towns of Windsor and Wethersfield. which were settled by others who had followed his lead into the new countrv. But it is not only as the leader and moving spirit of the new .settlements that Hooker dcsen-es to be known, luit as the inspirer. if not the actual author, of the Fundamental Laws which delegates from the several river towns adopted for their government in 1639. In .January, 1030, Hooker accompanied .Tohn HajTies. the first Governor of Connecticut, to Boston to confer with Winthrop concerning a proposed confederation of the X>w England fettlements to provide for their nnitual defense against the Dutch, the Indians, and the French. The year 1043 saw the result of their labors in the successful organization of the 'I'nited Colonies of Xew England.' the first attempt at federal government in America. Hooker published a great many sermons, and also: The Houlv's frvpuriitiim (or Christ (1632); The Houlc's Implanlation (1637); The lioule's Ingrafting into Christ (1037); The tSoule's Exaltation (1038); The Houtc's }'ucation (1038); An Exposition of the I'rinciplvs of Ilvligion (1030) ; The Haint's (luide (104.5); A Sintci/ of the tSummc of Church Uisciiiline ( 1048), a defense of the New England churches which had great inlluence in the devel- opment of Congregationalism in Americji. Con- sult: Wjilker, '/'/loiiiii.v //oo/.fi, in the "Makers of -America Series" (New York, 1801); Walker, History of the First Church in Hartford (Hart- ford, 1883) : Johnston, Connecticut, in the "American Commonwealths Series" (Boston, 1878) ; Johns Hopkins I'liirersily Studies, vol, vii. ( Baltinuire, 1880) ; Cotton Mather, MdgiinHn Christ i Americana (Londcm, 1702). HOOKER, Sir Wii.i.iam Jackso.v ( 178,->-lSli.-| ). A cclchr:itcil English botanist. He was born at Norwich, and sttidied branches of natural history as a pastime during his youth. In 1811 he pub- lished his lirst work, .hmrniil of u Tour in lir- Itind. of which a second cilllion was dcTiiandcd in 1813. From tJKit time forw:ird he was constantly busy in the publii;iti(in of 'i(iliinic;il works. His investigation of the iiritisli .lungcrnuinniie and mosses led to his appointment to the chair of botany in Glasgow Iniversity. where he lectured with marked success until 1841, when he became director of the royal gardens at Kew. Here his pronounced executive ability wrought wonders, ilie garden, which at that time consisted of eleven acres, was extended to 4.t. in addition to which a park of 240 acres was added; the 10 old conservatories were replaced by 2;") nnicli larger ones of more modern construction: in conjunction with Hcnslow. he founded the most complete museum of botany in the world : and by his enormous correspondence with and ready aid to botanists throughout the realm. Kew Gar- dens became the distributing point of hundreds of useful phnits, which were sent there in collec- tions and then shipped to colonics for testing. Through his elTorts Great Britain has largely extencled her commerce in products of the soil. .■ecomi)anying liis ollicial duties he was collecting for his private herbarium, and writing books on botany which at tlic time of his death numbered about one liundrcd volumes. His herbarium was purchased by flic nation after his death. His name was enrolled in the lists of all scientific societies at home ami abroad, and on account of his scientific acquirements he was knighted in 1830. .Among his works may be incntionc<l : Monograph of the lirillsh Jnniiermanuiir (1812- -i):'Muscologia Uritnnnien (1818); The Hril- ish Flora ( 1S30), a work which has gone through seven editions; A Century of Orehidaernus Plants (1S4S) ; Jrnnes Plantarum, in 10 volumes (1837-00) ; ftrilish Ferns (1862) ; Garden Ferns (1802). HOOKER, WoiiTiilXGTOX (1806-67). An American physician, born in Springfield, Mass. He graduated at Yale in 182.5. and in medicine at Harvard in 1820. and practiced in Connecticut until 18.52. from which time until his death he was professor of the thcor- and practice of medi- cine in Vale. His principal works arc: Physician and Patient (1840) : Homrropathy : an Framina- lion of the Doctrines and Evidences (1852) ; and